Biochemistry Notes
Biochemistry Definition- the scientific study of the chemical composition of living matter AND of the chemical processes that go on in living organisms.
Biochemistry Facts 1. The human body is composed of about 70% water. 2. The remaining 30 % is made up of a group of compounds known as ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 3. Organic means that it contains the elements carbon and hydrogen. 4. Examples of organic compounds include 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids Part of DNA
Carbohydrates (sugars) Facts 1. All carbohydrates (carbs) contain the elements C, H, and O. 1. C- Carbon 2. H Hydrogen 3. O - Oxygen 2. The atoms of H and O are in a 2:1 ratio. (two hydrogen atoms to every one oxygen atom).
Carbohydrates Continued 1. The names of most end in the suffix ose. 1. Ex. Sucrose, Fructose, Maltose, Glucose 2. Are the main energy source for the body.
Types of Carbohydrates 1. They are classified into one of three groups based on their size. Monosaccharide Disaccharides Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide 1. Mono means one 2. Examples include glucose, fructose, galactose, and dextrose 3. Have a molecular formula of C 6 H 12 O 6 4. Structural formula is represented as a hexagon (6-sides). 5. Are found in candy or sweets (glucose) or in fruit (fructose)
Disaccharides-Double Sugars di means two Composed of two simple sugars (monosaccharides) joined together. Examples Maltose: made of glucose + glucose Lactose: made of glucose and galactose (milk sugar) Sucrose: made of glucose and fructose (table sugar)
Disaccharide molecular formula The Formula is ALWAYS - C 12 H 22 O 11 If a disaccharide is composed of two monosaccharides, you should add the molecular formulas together to get the new formula. DO IT here. C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 ---------------- C 12 H 24 O 12 Do this formula match the one up top? No What is the difference? (subtract) C 12 H 24 O 12 - C 12 H 22 O 11 -------------- H 2 O What does this mean? When molecules combine, they lose a water.
Dehydration Synthesis 1. When smaller molecules are not used, they join together through dehydration synthesis 2. The joining together of two molecules 1. An H is removed from one 2. An OH group is removed from another atom. 3. The H and the OH removed combine to form water. 1. joined by a chemical bond. See example.
Polysaccharides Complex Sugars Poly means many or 3 or more Theses are the sugars that become stored in the body. Plants store them as starch or cellulose. Animals store them as glycogen. Hydrolysis - The opposite of dehydration synthesis. Molecules can be broken down by adding an H and an OH back. Hydrolysis is used when the body is digesting or breaking down large food molecules. Carbohydrates Clip 2.10m Glucose/glycogen conversion. 2004. Image. February 2011. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>.
Questions 1. Why are carbohydrates necessary for the body? 1. Answer: They are the main energy source. 2. What are the building blocks of carbohydrates? 1. Answer: Monosaccharides (simple sugars) glucose, fructose, etc, (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) 3. If we don t use up the simple sugars, what happens to them? 1. Answer: They combine to form larger molecules by dehydration synthesis 4. If one doesn t eat for a while, how can they obtain energy from their body? 1. Answer: Break down complex carbs that are stored using hydrolysis
Lipids (fats) Facts 1. Lipids are ORGANIC molecules that include fats, oils, and waxes. 2. They are our bodies SECONDARY energy source. 3. They are composed of the elements C, H, and O 4. They made up of a long carbon chain (many carbons in a row) 5. Functions include: 1. insulation 2. cushioning of organs and joints 3. lubrication for skin 4. a component of our cell membranes (protection) 6. Formed when 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol combine by dehydration synthesis.
Lipid Formation Example
Saturated Fats The bad ones These should make up no more than 30% of your daily caloric intake. These are hard for the body to break down (digest). All of the carbon atoms in the chain are single bonded to hydrogen s (they are said to be full or saturated) These get stored in fatty tissue and can build up around your organs and affect their function. They can get deposited on your blood vessel walls as cholesterol. This causes an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in blood flow. These tend to be solids at room temperature and found in beef, cheese and milk. Movie Clips\Lipids Fats_and_Oils0.37m.asf
Unsaturated fats (the good ones) The body can digest these easier. Some of the carbon Polyunsaturated atoms in the chain are double Sources bonded meaning they Fat Sources are not bonded Sources to as many Nuts hydrogen s as saturated Soybean fats. oil Monounsaturated Fat Vegetable oils Omega-6 Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fat Canola Have oil been found to Safflower help remove oil cholesterol Walnuts from Olive oil blood vessel walls. High oleic safflower oil Sunflower oil Corn oil Soybean oil Canola oil Flaxseed Fish: trout, herring, and salmon Avocado Tend to be liquids at room temperature and found in fish (omega oils), olive oil, and canola oil.
Questions 1. How are fats LIKE carbs? Answer: Contain C,H, and O; supply energy, organic 2. How are fats DIFFERENT than carbs? 1. Answer: Fats consist of long carbon chains, carbs are hexagonal. Fats have no ratio of elements, carbs have a 2:1 ratio of H to O. What type of fat should you avoid and why? Answer: Saturated because they have many negative health effects. What are the building blocks of lipids? 1. Answer: 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Proteins Facts These are the largest and most complex organic molecules. They contain the elements C, H, O, and N. Proteins are recognized by the presence of the element N. Functions include maintaining body tissues, repairing damaged tissues, growth of muscle tissue, act as enzymes and hormones. Every protein has a unique shape. Proteins function based on their shapes.
Structure of proteins The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. All proteins are made up of various combinations of amino acids. There are only 20 different amino acids in nature.
Amino Acids The basic structure of an amino acid is: Amino group (NH2) carboxyl group (COOH) attached to a central carbon. side chains are what makes different amino acids (R). Movie Clips\Proteins1.47m.asf
Question 1. How many different R groups are there? Answer: 20 1. How do we combine amino acids to make a larger protein? Answer: Dehydration synthesis (remove an H and an OH)
Peptides Peptide Bond When the carbon of one amino acid is joined to the nitrogen of the other amino acid. Two amino acids joined together is called a dipeptide Three or more joined together is called a polypeptide.
Question 1.How do we break down a complex protein (dipeptide or polypeptide)? Answer: Hydrolysis; add an H to one amino acid and an OH to the other amino acid.
Enzymes -an important part of proteins 1. All enzymes are proteins. 2. The substance an enzyme acts on is called its SUBSTRATE. 3. Most enzymes end in the suffix ase. 1. Examples: protease, lipase, lactase 4. Enzyme structure is not affected by a chemical reaction. 1. They can be used over again 2. But may need to be replaced over time.
More about Enzymes 1. Enzymes are called CATALYSTS. 1. Speed up the rate of chemical reactions 2. Can be used to build a larger molecule 3. OR break one down. 2. They work similar to a lock and a key. 1. They work based on their shape 1. the different possible combinations of amino acids create different shaped proteins. 2. Each enzyme works on a specific substrate. Movie Clips\Enzymes1.37m.asf
What affects the enzymes? High heat and strong acids or bases destroy the enzymes. Reactions can be sped up by adding more enzymes
Enzyme-Reaction Vocabulary 1. Enzyme-Substrate Complex - This is when the enzyme and the substrate are actually joined together. 1. Only when this happens can the reaction proceed. 2. Coenzymes - these help an enzyme bond to its substrate. 1. Vitamins are coenzymes.
Enzyme Reaction Steps 1. An enzyme and a SUBSTRATE are in the same area. 2. The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the ACTIVE SITE. 1. Area on the enzyme where the shape matches that of the substrate 2. The active site is the keyhole of the lock. 3. A process called CATALYSIS happens. 1. Catalysis is when the substrate is changed. 2. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new. 4. The enzyme lets go. 1. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. 2. The substrate is no longer the same. The substrate is now called the PRODUCT.
Enzyme Breakdown Example Sucrose is a sweetener found in many candies. Carbohydrate disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose. When we eat sucrose, it must be digested or broken down into smaller substances, which our cells can absorb. An enzyme (protein) called sucrase speeds up this chemical reaction by breaking the chemical bond in sucrose, the substrate.
Example of a Macromolecule Monomer polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) monosaccharide (simple sugar) fat (a lipid) glycerol, fatty acid protein amino acid nucleic acid nucleotide