BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES Pre AP
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1 BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES Pre AP I. Chemistry study of what are made of and how they (text pages 35 43) A. Atom fundamental unit of matter 1. Subatomic particles: n o = neutron p + = proton e - = electron B. Element - each different kind of atom is a different element 1. Examples: C = H = O = N = C. Compound - two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions 1. Examples: 2. - types of compounds made of nonmetals only isomers same molecular formula; different structural formula D. Chemical reactions process leading to 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O (reactants) (products) E. Compounds are classified into two broad groups: 1. Compounds come from substances ( in = not organic = living) 2. Compounds come from substances II. Biochemistry chemistry of living organisms (text pages 44 53) A. Organic compounds compounds made by cells and containing carbon 1. Example: 2. Exception: 3. Organic compounds in living cells are usually complex compounds that are so large they are called (giant molecules) or 4. are formed by process called polymerization smaller units called join together to form 5. Four groups of organic compounds: a. Draw picture to remember: b. c. d. III. Carbohydrates A. Provides energy for all organisms B. Most carbohydrates are manufactured by photosynthesis. C. Structure: contains the elements C, H, and O usually in ratio of 1:2:1 EXAMPLE: C6H12O6 = 6 C + 12 H + 6 O = 1 : 2 : 1 ratio of atoms GLUCOSE D. Food Sources: Fruits, Vegetables, Grains, Pasta, Rice, Sugar, Cookies, Cakes, etc 1
2 E. Three groups of carbohydrates: 1. = single sugar; basic structural unit from which larger carbohydrates are built (mono = one sacchar = sugar) Examples: sugars usually end in -ose a. glucose - most common sugar, produced by green plants b. fructose -- - sugar in fruits c. galactose -- - sugar in milk *Reminder - These are isomers; same molecular formula, different structural formula 2. double sugar (di = two) a. sucrose - cane sugar b. chemical reaction: 2 monosaccharides joined together to make a glucose + fructose sucrose + water C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O When water is released in a chemical reaction = dehydration synthesis Sucrose 3. many sugars (poly = many) Examples: a. starch polysaccharide stored in plants b. glycogen polysaccharide stored in animals c. cellulose polysaccharide that gives support and structure to plant cells most abundant organic chemical on earth Starch What is the purpose of storing sugars as polysaccharides in plant and animal tissues? Take 5 Complete concept map for Carbohydrates 2
3 IV. Monomers/Polymers 1. General term for any smaller compounds that can be joined together to make larger compounds -- example: of a carbohydrate. -many glucose molecules can be joined together by dehydration synthesis to make a polysaccharide (carbohydrate) 2. General term for any large compound formed by combining monomers -- example: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose = -These molecules are polymers made when many glucose molecules chemically combine. Everyday Example: Monomer Polymer V. Proteins (also called peptides or polypeptides) A. Needed for of living materials 1. cell membrane, skin, nails, hair, bones and muscles made of protein B. Fight disease made of proteins C. Control rate of chemical reactions in cells made of proteins D. Food source E. Structure: 1. proteins are polymers of molecules called monomer = polymer = 2. contain the elements C, H, O and N Dehydration Synthesis of Proteins F. different combine in different ways to make up thousands of different proteins G. Examples of protein structures: Take 5 Complete concept map for Proteins 3
4 VI. Enzymes A. Enzymes are in living organisms catalyst substance that speeds up a chemical reaction B. Most enzymes are made of C. Enzymes are in a reaction and can be reused D. Enzymes are speed up only one type of chemical reaction E. Lock and Key hypothesis an explanation of how an enzyme works F. substance upon which a certain enzyme acts G. Naming enzymes add ase to substrate name a. maltose is substrate is enzyme b. protein is substrate is enzyme H. One important function of enzymes is speeding up I. Enzyme Diagram: *Note: Anabolic to build Catabolic to break down The gets used up, but the can be used again indefinitely Take 5 Complete concept map for Enzymes under the Protein Biomolecule VII. Lipids A. Functions: 1. energy storage 2. makes up part of the cell membrane 3. hormones are lipids B. Examples: 1. Fats at room temperature butter, lard (animal fat) 2. Oils at room temperature corn oil, olive oil (plant fats) 3. Phospholipids and cholesterol makes up 4. Steroids type of hormone that can cross cell membrane directly into cells (anabolic steroids handout) 5. Waxes 4
5 C. Structure: fats and oils 1. Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids 2. Contain the elements C, H and O When glycerol + fatty acids combine to form 1 fat molecule, H2O is released = dehydration synthesis D. Dietary importance 1. fats generally come from animal fats a. Bad for you deposited in arteries Saturated with hydrogens (H) No double bonds in fatty acid chain 2. fats generally from plant oils a. Better for you Have one or more double bonds in fatty acid chain 3. Cholesterol 2 sources a. your body produces it essential to life: helps produce certain hormones and part of cell membranes in animals b. you consume it in food 1. bad cholesterol (low density lipoprotein) goes to cells, excess deposited in arteries 2. good cholesterol (high density lipoprotein) gets rid of excess LDL s in arteries Take 5 Complete concept map for Lipids 5
6 VIII. Nucleic Acids A. Function is to store and transmit from parent to offspring B. Examples: C. Contains the elements: C, H, O, N, P D. Nucleic acids are made from monomers called. The 3 components of a nucleotide are 1. 5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose) 2. Phosphate Group 3. Nitrogenous Base E. Food source: All living food sources contain nucleic acids. Food sources high in nucleic acids include items such as fish, fruits, nuts, algae, and mushrooms. Take 5 Complete concept map for Nucleic Acids 6
7 Function: Carbohydrates Examples: 3 groups: Dietary Examples: Elements: Draw: Structure: Monomer: Polymer: 7
8 Function: Enzymes: Function: Diagram: Protein Examples: Structure: Elements: Monomer: Dietary Examples: Polymer: Draw: 8
9 Function: Lipids Examples: Structure: Elements: Draw: Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids 9
10 Function: Nucleic Acids Examples: Structure: 10
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