Circulation A. Invertebrates in Water: Organisms that are a cells thick. Diffusion alone is sufficient for single-celled (amoeba and paramecium) and simple, multi-cellular animals such as (hydra, jellies, sea anemones, and corals) and (flatworms- and tapeworms). All the above water invertebrates have a cavitya central cavity used for digestion / distribution / circulation of substances throughout the body. It is continuous with the outside water. Invertebrate water organisms that are cell layers thick. A gastrovascular cavity is for invertebrate organisms with many cell layers such as (clams, snails, octopi and squid). Invertebrates on Land: such as insects, and such as earthworms also do not have a gastrovascular cavity. B. Circulatory Systems: Q: So how do invertebrates in water and on land that are several cell layers thick do circulation? 1. open circulatory systemi.e.: hemolymph: sinuses: 2. closed circulatory systemi.e.:
C. Cardiovascular System Overview: *1. *2. *3. *4. *5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. *12. *13. * = deoxygenated blood
Made up of: 1) 2) 3) 1) Heart 2) Vessels Atria- Ventricles- A) Left Atrium- B) Right Atrium- C) Left Ventricle- D) Right Ventricle- Arteries- *Main Artery- Arterioles- Capillaries- Venules- Veins- *Main Vein- Arteries and veins are distinguished by their and not what they contain! 3) Blood Plasma- Red Blood Cells / Erythrocytes- White Blood Cells / Leukocytes- Platelets-
D. Vertebrate Cardiovascular Systems: 1) Fish- chambered heart and breathe through. atrium and ventricle. 2) Amphibians- chambered heart and breathe through and. atria and ventricle. Due to one ventricle, blood. Pulmocutaneous Circuit- Systemic Circuit- - Blood is pumped a 2 nd time after it comes back from the lungs. 3) Reptiles- chambered heart and breathe through. atria and ventricle. Blood also, but less because of a in the ventricle. Also, double circulation occurs. Pulmonary Circuit- 4) Mammals and Birds- chambered heart and breathe through. atria and ventricles. Also have a pulmonary circuit and double circulation. There is mixing of blood in the ventricles. As, birds and mammals use the most. E. The Cardiac Cycle: The cardiac cycle = one complete sequence of the heart and. Systole- Diastole-
#1) The heart relaxes and fills with blood. Atrial and Ventricular. valves close and blood hits the closed valves. This is the sound. #2) The heart s atria squeeze out the blood and become empty. Atrial and Ventricular. #3) The heart s ventricles squeeze out the blood forcing it into the lungs and to the rest of the body. Atrial and Ventricular. valves close and blood hits the closed valves.. This is the sound. Q: What is a heart murmur? F. The Heart s Rhythm: All of the heart s muscle fibers are linked, through the use of ions. #1. An impulse starts in the heart s also called, the. It then spreads across the 2, causing them to contract in unison. #2. The impulse then reaches the between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Then a delay occurs for second to empty the atria completely. #3. Tissue between both ventricles called the relays the impulse to branches in the ventricles called the fibers. This causes the ventricles to contract in unison. These impulses can be detected by use of an (ECG or EKG). The SA node this whole process. However, the heart s rhythm is controlled by such things as like epinephrine also called which is used for the fight or flight response. also controls the heart s rhythm. G. Blood Pressure: It is greater in than in and it is lowest in the.
Blood is able to return to the heart via the veins as a result of A) veins being squeezed whenever we move our muscles (voluntary movement) B) muscle contractions that line the vessels (involuntary movement), C) valves that prevent blood from going the wrong direction, and D) keeps the exchange and process going. Q: What causes the pins and needles in your extremities / your foot to fall asleep? H. Regulating the Amount of Blood in Capillaries: Capillaries in the,, kidneys, and liver are usually filled completely with blood. Other locations are not always full. To regulate how much blood is in a capillary bed: 1) Smooth muscle- 2) Precapillary sphincters- Q: Why is it recommended that a person does not exercise after a big meal? Small molecules such as,, sugars, urea, oxygen and carbon dioxide flow between the capillaries and interstitial fluid. In addition, there is some leakage of. Most of these molecules get either in the venules or in the lymphatic system. I. The Lymphatic System: Lymph capillaries help to return proteins and other solutes to the blood. The fluid inside the lymphatic system is similar to interstitial fluid and is called. are found along the lymph capillaries. They are in shape and they the lymph. These lymph nodes are filled with that fight off infection. Q: Why does the doctor feel your lymph nodes when you feel sick?
J. Making Blood and Mending Cuts Blood gets created inside. It is found mostly in,, vertebrae, and the breast bone. The cells found there are called. Multipotent means they have the ability to into all other cell types. Q: What are totipotent and pluripotent stem cells? If tissues are not receiving enough, the kidneys release a hormone called that stimulates red bone marrow to make more. The cancer affects stem cells. This cancer creates abnormal and crowds out. The treatment is to destroy the patients own bone marrow and give them healthy new stem cells. Blood Clot Summary Scrape your skin arrive (the plug ) (inactive protein) (active protein) Q: What process must occur after an injury to bring about new cells? Diseases: 1), the bleeder s disease is a defect in any step of the clotting process. 2) Cardiovascular diseases lead to A. B.
Causes include: Thrombus- Blood clot in the of injury. Embolus- Blood clot that is and stops moving when it reaches a path. Plaques. This disease is called. Hardened plaque- If the plaque hardens, due to deposits of ions. The hardening of the arteries is called. Hypertension- blood pressure. Can be altered by,, medication, avoiding animal fats, and quitting smoking. LDL s- is bad cholesterol. LDL s leave cholesterol on arteries / plaque. HDL s- High density lipoproteins actually cholesterol. Q: Why is fiber good for the heart / why are Cheerios a heart-smart food?