Circulation.notebook March 07, Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium. Oct 11 3:27 PM. Circulatory System p

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1 Unit 3 Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium Circulatory system The heart Blood Blood Pressure Circulatory Disorders Oct 11 3:27 PM Circulatory System p If an organism is small and flat it can transport nutrients and wastes by diffusion. For a multi billion cell organism like humans, diffusion is not quick enough to provide nutrients nor remove wastes. Therefore most large organisms have a circulatory system. Feb 6 4:30 PM

It helps maintain a constant temperature in all parts of the body. 3. It removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from cells. 4.

2 Circulatory System For humans an efficient circulatory system is essentia because: 1. It transports oxygen, energy and the basic building blocks of life to all parts of the body. 2. It helps maintain a constant temperature in all parts of the body. 3. It removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from cells. 4. It plays an important role in the body s defenses against pathogens (things that make us sick, e.g. bacteria). Feb 6 4:30 PM Parts of the Circulatory System There are 4 main parts of the circulatory system: 1. Arteries 2. Veins 3. Capillaries 4. Heart Feb 6 4:30 PM

3 1. Arteries p. 306 Carry blood away from the heart. Most carry oxygenated blood Three layers: 1. outer layer = elastic connective tissue. 2. middle layer = elastic fibers and smooth muscle. 3. inner layer = single layer of smooth cells that reduce friction. Elastic walls expand as waves of blood pressure pass through. Snaps back into shape to aide in pumping. Blood pressure highest. Feb 6 4:30 PM 2. Veins p. 307 Carry blood toward the heart Most carry deoxygenated blood Thinner walls than arteries but have a larger (2x) diameter. Blood flow is slow Don t contract. Gravity and movement of muscles aid in blood flow Have one way valves to prevent blood from flowing backward. Blood pressure is low. Feb 6 4:31 PM

4 3. Capillaries p.307 Smallest blood vessels Connect arteries and veins Site where exchange between blood and other parts of the body occur. Feb 6 4:31 PM Feb 6 4:31 PM

4. Heart p. 314 315 4 chambers: 2 atria + 2 ventricles Made of cardiac muscle tissue.

5 4. Heart p chambers: 2 atria + 2 ventricles Made of cardiac muscle tissue. Can contract repeatedly without getting tired. Surrounded by a protective membrane called the pericardium. Feb 6 4:31 PM 4. Heart Feb 6 4:32 PM

4. Heart Feb 6 4:32 PM Blood p.308 313 Blood is an essential part of the circulatory system.

There are 4 parts that make up Blood: 1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) They make up 44% of the total volume.

6 4. Heart Feb 6 4:32 PM Blood p Blood is an essential part of the circulatory system. It aids in transportation of many molecules throughout the body. Blood is a tissue, made of 45% cells and 55% liquid called plasma. There are 4 parts that make up Blood: 1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) They make up 44% of the total volume. They are produced in the bone marrow. They live only a short time (3 4 months). They are small cells. Function: To carry oxygen to other cells and take carbon dioxide away. Feb 6 4:35 PM

2. White Blood Cells Blood They make up 1% of blood volume.

They are larger than red blood cells. Function: To attack invaders.

7 2. White Blood Cells Blood They make up 1% of blood volume. They are produced in the bone marro (macrophages) or spleen (lymphocytes). They live a few hours to a few days. They are produced mainly in response to an infection. They are larger than red blood cells. Function: To attack invaders. Feb 6 4:36 PM Blood 3. Platelets (thrombocytes) They are produced in bone marrow and lungs. They live 7 10 days. They are small fragments of cells. Function: To aid in blood clotting. Feb 6 4:36 PM

323 324 The pressure of blood against the walls of blood vessels.

8 4. Plasma Blood The fluid of blood. 92% water 7% proteins. It is yellow coloured. Function: Aids in movement of cells and transporting CO 2. Feb 6 4:37 PM Blood Pressure p The pressure of blood against the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is highest at the aorta and decreases as it gets further away from the heart. It is the lowest in the vena cava. It is expressed as a ratio: Systolic pressure Pressure during contraction Diastolic pressure Pressure between contractions Apr 13 3:28 PM

Apr 13 3:28 PM Circulatory Disorders p.324 26 1. Hypertension: Chronic high blood pressure.

9 Blood Pressure Systolic pressure is the highest. Diastolic is the pressure exerted on blood vessels most of the time. A high diastolic pressure is more serious than a high systolic pressure, because it is the lowest pressure your arteries ever have. Apr 13 3:28 PM Circulatory Disorders p Hypertension: Chronic high blood pressure. This can occur as a result of two conditions: A) Increase in the volume of the blood or; B) Reduced elasticity of the arteries An increase in blood volume can be related to diet. Examples: one high in salt, stimulants (coffee, nicotine), or saturated fat. Hypertension can also be increased by the following two conditions. Apr 26 2:16 PM

1. Atherosclerosis Circulatory Disorders Deposits of cholesterol plaques on the inside of an artery.

condition is present in the arteries that supply the heart Apr 26 2:16 PM 2.

deposited under the inner layer of the artery.

10 1. Atherosclerosis Circulatory Disorders Deposits of cholesterol plaques on the inside of an artery. This decreases the diameter of arteries and blood flow Coronary artery disease occurs when this condition is present in the arteries that supply the heart Apr 26 2:16 PM 2. Arteriosclerosis Circulatory Disorders Deposits of cholesterol or other fatty material becomes deposited under the inner layer of the artery. This can damage platelets which cause blood clots and block blood flow. Arteries also become less elastic. If the flow of oxygen to the brain is slowed a stroke can occur. Apr 26 2:16 PM

Treatment of Circulatory Disorders p.326 328 Treatment of circulatory disorders can include one or more of the following: 1.

Angioplasty A fine plastic tube is inserted into a clogged artery. A balloon is pushed out the tip and inflated. This forces the vessel open. Apr 26 2:16 PM Treatment of Circulatory Disorders 4.

11 Treatment of Circulatory Disorders p Treatment of circulatory disorders can include one or more of the following: 1. Diet change Less saturated fat & cholesterol, with more fruits and vegetables reduce plaques. 2. Aspirin Prevents platelets from sticking together, so it prevents blood clots. 3. Angioplasty A fine plastic tube is inserted into a clogged artery. A balloon is pushed out the tip and inflated. This forces the vessel open. Apr 26 2:16 PM Treatment of Circulatory Disorders 4. Coronary bypass surgery This corrects blockages to the heart. A blood vessel from another part of the body (e.g. leg) is grafted (sewn on) to the aorta and then to a point beyond the blockage. A double bypass means two blood vessels were added. This is done by stopping the heart An external pump circulates blood. The blocked vessel is clamped Sometimes the heart is not stopped and a shunt (tube) is used to direct blood away from the site of the operation. The shunt provides a bloodless field of view and uninterrupted blood flow. Apr 26 2:16 PM

12 Lab! Feb 6 4:32 PM

Circulation And Blood. Circulation And Blood. Circulation And Blood. Circulation And Blood. Blood 10/22/2012

Circulation And Blood. Circulation And Blood. Circulation And Blood. Circulation And Blood. Blood 10/22/2012 Cells in our body build their own membranes and organelles Make their own ATP Assemble their own enzymes and other proteins And may manufacture substances used elsewhere in the body To do these things,