Chapter 01 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1
Daymar College Anatomy and Physiology I Med 153 Lisa Drennan RN, CMSRN Lead Instructor Medical Assisting 2
Opening Day Welcome! Attendance Syllabus and Expanded Syllabus Class Policies Handouts Blackboard Email 3
Success Tips Hole s 13 th Edition Text has available: Text Website www.mhhe.com/shier13 Know how to use the text pages 1-9. Read the text BEFORE class!! We will check next week and make sure all can get into the website 4
Some Thoughts As humans became less nomadic and changed from a huntergatherer to an agricultural lifestyle the spectrum of human illnesses altered. Increased contact with other humans, changes in diet, changes in food source and the accumulating of food all changed and brought with it unfamiliar ailments. Ex: tooth decay affected 3.5% of the samples from hunter gatherers, 8.7% from farmers and 17% from city residents. They can even tell from bones whether the individual went through a period of starvation. We are constantly learning: The Planum Temporale, a previously unrecognized part of the brain enables people to locate sounds in space. This was just recently identified using imaging technology. 5
Why all the Greek and Latin With new knowledge of the structure and function of the human body a new language was needed. Most originated from Greek and Latin and form the basis for the language of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy from the Greek for a cutting up and Physiology from the Greek for relationship to nature. OR 6
1.2: Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy the study of the structure of the human body Physiology the study of the function of the human body 7
1.3: Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles electrons, protons, and neutrons Atom hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. Molecule water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. Macromolecule protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. Organelle mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. Cell muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. Tissue simple squamous eithelium, adipose tissue, etc. Organ skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. Organ System skeletal system, digestive system, etc. Organism the human 8
Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Atom Molecule Organ system Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism Cell Tissue
1.4: Characteristics of Life (10) Movement change in position; motion Responsiveness reaction to a change Growth increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction production of new organisms and new cells Respiration obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods Digestion breakdown of food substances into simpler forms 10
Characteristics of Life Continued Absorption passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions Life s characteristics which obtain, release, and utilize energy are largely part of metabolism (all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life). 11
1.5: Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure The next slide explains the effects of some pressures 12
Example of traveling to higher altitude: At high altitude, the heart beats faster; the stroke volume is slightly decreased; and non-essential bodily functions are suppressed, resulting in a decline in food digestion efficiency (as the body suppresses the digestive system in favor of increasing its cardiopulmonary reserves). Full acclimatization, however, requires days or even weeks. Gradually, the body compensates for the respiratory alkalosis by renal excretion of bicarbonate, allowing adequate respiration to provide oxygen without risking alkalosis. It takes about four days at any given altitude. Example of diving and water pressure: Underwater, your body must deal with two major issues: pressure and temperature. Pressure affects the amount of nitrogen and oxygen gases that dissolve in your blood and tissues. Pressure also affects your ears and sinuses As you descend under the water, the pressure on your body increases, so more nitrogen and oxygen dissolve in your blood. Most of the oxygen gets consumed by your tissues, but the nitrogen remains dissolved. Increased nitrogen pressure has two problematic effects on your body: nitrogen narcosis and residual nitrogen. 13
Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials 14
Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing 15
Homeostasis* * Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Control Mechanisms monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: Receptor - provides information about the stimuli Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment 16
In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness can threaten the maintenance of homeostasis, requiring treatment. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's (a) body temperature, (b) blood oxygen level, and (c) blood glucose level? 17
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. too high heat is lostresponse Body to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. Normal body temperature 37 C (98.6 F) too low Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily. 18
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms 19
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Negative feedback summary: Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Corrects the set point Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the negative Most common type of feedback loop Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation 20
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body Short-lived Do not require continuous adjustments Examples: blood clotting and child birth ( only two positive feedbacks) 21
1.6: Organization of the Human Body Cranial cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Thoracic cavity Right pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Mediastinum Left pleural cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity (b) Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity (a) 22
Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes Visceral layer covers an organ Parietal layer lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum 23
The peritoneum is a serous membrane of the abdominal cavity. There are two layers of the peritoneum. The parietal and the visceral peritoneum. The parietal peritoneum is the outer layer and lines the abdominal cavity while the visceral peritoneum is the inner layer and covers all the organs contained within the abdomen. Thus, the liver, the stomach and the intestines are covered with peritoneum, as are the spleen, gall bladder, pancreas, uterus and appendix. kidneys are retroperitoneal. The function of the visceral peritoneum is to allow the various structures inside the abdomen to move about freely. The space between these two layers is the peritoneal cavity. it is filled with a small amount of slippery serous fluid that allows the two layers to slide freely over each other. There are often blood vessels, nerves between these layers. The parietal peritoneum has an extremely sensitive nerve supply, so that any injury or inflammation occurring in this layer is felt as an acute localized pain. The visceral peritoneum is not so sensitive and pain is only experienced if, for example, the intestine is stretched or distended 24
Serous Membranes Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vertebra Spinal cord Plane of section Azygos v. Mediastinum Vertebra Right kidney Spinal cord Plane of section Aorta Esophagus Right lung Right atrium of heart Right ventricle of heart Visceral pleura Left lung Rib Left ventricle of heart Aorta Inferior vena cava Pancreas Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Duodenum Left kidney Spleen Small intestine Large intestine Rib Costal cartilage Pleural cavity Visceral pericardium Visceral peritoneum Stomach Parietal pleura Sternum Anterior Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium Fibrous pericardium Peritoneal cavity Parietal peritoneum Anterior 25
Organ Systems Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system 26
Organ Systems Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nervous system Endocrine system 27
Organ Systems Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system 28
Organ Systems Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system 29
Organ Systems Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 30 Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
1.7: Lifespan Changes Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level. Can you think of some examples? Ex: you lose up to 30% of the nephrons in the kidneys by age 70Skin cells do not regenerate at the same rate as you get older. 31
1.8: Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integumentary system 32
Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior (above)/inferior (below) Anterior or ventral (toward the front) / Posterior or dorsal ( toward the back) Medial (toward the midline)/lateral (to the sides) Bilateral (paired structures) Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides) Proximal (close to point of attachment)/distal (farther from ponit of attachment) Superficial (close to body surface)/deep (more internal 33
Body Sections or Planes Sagittal divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal/Median divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal divides body into superior and inferior portions Coronal or Frontal divides body into anterior and posterior portions 34
Body Sections Median (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal plane A section along the median plane Transverse (horizontal) plane A section along a transverse plane A section along a frontal plane Frontal (coronal) plane 35
Body Sections (a) (b) (c) 36
Other Body Sections Cross-section L o n g i t u d i n a l (a) (b) (c) s e c t i o n 37
Abdominal Subdivisions Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right iliac region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac region Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) 38
Body Regions Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Otic (ear) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye cavity) Buccal (cheek) Mental (chin) Sternal Pectoral (chest) Umbilical (navel) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Occipital (back of head) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Cubital (elbow) Lumbar (lower back) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttocks) Perineal Digital (finger) Genital (reproductive organs) Patellar (front of knee) Sural (calf) Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Crural (leg) (a) T arsal (instep) Digital (toe) Pedal (foot) (b) Plantar (sole) 39
Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued 1.5: Maintenance of Life List and describe the major requirements of organisms. Explain the importance of homeostasis to survival. Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they function together. 1.6: Organization of the Human Body Identify the locations of the major body cavities. List the organs located in each major body cavity. Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. 40
Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each. Describe the general function of each organ system. 1.7: Lifespan Changes Identify changes related to aging, from the microscopic to the whole-body level. 1.8: Anatomical Terminology Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions. 41