Tissues Histology
Basic Tissue Types and Functions 1) Epithelial tissue covering 2) Connective tissue support 3) Muscle tissue movement 4) Nervous tissue control
Epithelial Tissue 1) Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity 2) Forms parts of most glands 3) Functions of epithelia A) Protection B) Diffusion C) Absorption, secretion, and ion transport D) Filtration E) Forms slippery surfaces for substance movement
Special Characteristics of Epithelia 1) Cellularity 2) Specialized contacts 3) Polarity 4) Support by connective tissue 5) Avascular but innervated 6) Regeneration
Tissue Nomenclature of Epithelia First name = cell layers? Simple Stratified Last name = shape of cells? Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
Simple Squamous Epithelium 1) Function passive diffusion and filtration Secretes lubricating substances 2) Location kidneys lungs Lining of heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels serosa
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 1) Function Secretion and absorption 2) Location Kidney small glands (secretory portions & ducts) ovary surface
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium 1) Function Absorption secretion of mucus, enzymes, and substances goblet cells propels mucus or reproductive cells cilia 2) Location Non-ciliated form: digestive tract, gallbladder, glands (ducts) Ciliated form: small bronchi, fallopian tubes, and uterus
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 1) Function secretion of mucus goblet cells propulsion of mucus cilia 2) Location Non-ciliated type male reproductive tubes (ducts) large glands (ducts) Ciliated variety trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium 1) Function Protection from abrasion types of tissue = keratinized and non-keratinized 2) Location Keratinized: epidermis Non-keratinized: mucous membranes of body openings mouth => esophagus, anus Vagina Distal Urethra
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium 1) Function Protection 2) Location ducts Mammary glands Salivary glands sweat glands (Largest)
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Stratified Columnar Epithelium 1) Function protection secretion 2) Location male urethra some glands (large ducts)
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
1) Description Transitional Epithelium stratified cuboidal/columnar stratified squamous 2) Function distension of urinary organs 3) Location urinary bladder Ureters proximal urethra
Transitional Epithelium
Glands 1) Endocrine glands hormones 2) exocrine glands Mucus Enzymes sebum Saliva sweat
1) Features that bind adjacent cells on the lateral surfaces 2) Types A) tight junction Impermeable junction prevents intercellular crossing B) adherent junction (desmosome) Linker proteins form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers C) gap junction Cell Junctions
Basement membrane 1) function selective filter 2) structure Basal Lamina Reticular lamina
Connective Tissue (CT)
Functions of CT 1) Binding and support 2) Protection 3) Insulation 4) storage 5) Transportation blood 6) Defending against infection
special characteristics of CT 1) cells 2) extracellular matrix Ground substance & fibers 3) vascularity 4) innervation 5) regeneration rate
1) Fibers Structural Elements of CT A) Elastic B) Collagen C) Reticular 2) Specialized cells A) Fibroblasts B) Chondroblasts C) Osteoblasts D) adipocytes E) Blood cells RBCs, WBCs
Classes and Subclasses of Connective Tissue (CT) 1) fibrous CT = CT proper loose fibrous CT Dense fibrous CT 2) supporting CT Cartilage Bone tissue 3) fluid CT (Blood)
Connective Tissue Proper 1) subclasses A) Loose connective tissue Areolar CT Adipose CT Reticular CT B) Dense connective tissue dense regular CT Dense irregular CT
Areolar Connective Tissue 1) Function Wraps and cushions organs Binding tissues together 2) Locations under epithelia Packages organs Surrounds capillaries
Areolar Connective Tissue
Adipose Tissue 1) Function Storage Insulates against heat loss cushioning 2) Locations Under skin Around organs Behind eyeballs and in breasts
Adipose Tissue (c) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose
Reticular Connective Tissue 1) Function framework 2) Location Lymph nodes bone marrow spleen
Reticular Connective Tissue
Dense Regular Connective Tissue 1) Description parallel collagen fibers 2) Function Provides structural strength 3) Location Tendons and ligaments Aponeuroses Deep fascia
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 1) Description irregularly arranged collagen fibers 2) Function Provides structural strength 3) Location Dermis Submucosa of digestive tract Fibrous capsules of joints and organs
Cartilages 1) Characteristics Extracellular matrix Semi-solid dense collagen Chondrocytes Lacuna 2) types of Cartilage Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
1) Characteristics Extracellular matrix Solid dense collagen Osteocytes Minerals Ca2+ carbonate Calcium phosphate (same as limestone) 2) Functions Supports and protects Muscle attachment site Storage Bone
Blood 1) Characteristics Extracellular matrix plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes 2) functions Defense transportation
Epithelium vs. CT 1) Cellularity 2) Extracellular matrix 3) Vascularity 4) Innervation 5) Rate of regeneration
Covering and Lining Membranes 1) characteristics types of tissues 2) functions covers protects 3) types Cutaneous membrane Serosa = Lines closed cavities Mucous membrane = lines hollow organs Synovial membrane
Tissue Change and Death Hypertrophy Atrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Neoplasia