Neglected zoonoses situation Japan Yukitake Okamura DVM Animal Health Division, Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Animal Health System in Japan Producers Beef cattle: 57,500 farms (2.57 M head) Dairy cattle: 18,600 farms (1.40 M head) Pigs: 5,270 farms (9.54 M head) Layers: 2,560 farms (172 M hens) Broilers: 2,380 farms (136 M broilers) (as of Feb. 1, 2014) Prefectural Gov ts Livestock Hygiene Service Centers (LHSC) 170 centers (including disease diagnosis centers) with 2,102 veterinarians (as of Mar. 31, 2014) (MHLW) 101 Meat Inspection Centers with 2,580 veterinarians (as of Mar. 31, 2013) International organizations (e.g. OIE) MAFF Animal Health Division, Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau Animal Quarantine Service Head office, 7 branches, 17 sub-branches with 394 animal quarantine officers (as of Apr. 2015) Industrial associations for disease control National Veterinary Assay Laboratory National Institute of Animal Health
Location of major facilities for animal health services National Institute of Animal Health National Institute of Animal Health: 4 Local Livestock Hygiene Service Centers: 170 (as of Mar 31, 2014) Local Livestock Hygiene Service Centre 3
Notifiable diseases under the Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control Infectious Animal Diseases (28): e.g. RP, FMD, AHS, anthrax, ASF, brucellosis, CBPP, CSF, HPAI, Japanese encephalitis, LPAI, ND, PPR, fowl typhoid and pullorum disease *1, SVD, TSE, tuberculosis, VS Notifiable Infectious Diseases (71): e.g. Aujeszky s disease, avian influenza, bluetongue, bovine leukemia, bovine genital campylobacteriosis, equine influenza, leptospirosis, low pathogenic Newcastle disease, Nipah virus infection, porcine epidemic diarrhea, salmonellosis *2, sheep pox, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomosis *1 by Salmonella serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum/Gallinarum *2 by Salmonella serovar Dublin, Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Choleraesuis
Occurrence of zoonotic diseases among livestock population in the last 10 years (Unit: household) Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Anthrax (Cattle) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Infectious Animal Diseases Notifiable Infectious Diseases Brucellosis (Cattle) 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 Tuberculosis Cattle 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 Deer 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Japanese encephalitis (Swine) 4 6 3 7 4 1 0 3 4 6 Fowl typhoid and pullorum disease *1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 Leptospirosis Cattle 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Swine 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Dogs 69 40 41 46 28 30 28 20 52 39 Toxoplasmosis (Swine) 14 21 30 29 33 38 48 31 26 30 Bovine genital campylobacteriosis *2 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 Trypanosomosis (Cattle) 0 0 0 0 2 *4 0 0 1 *4 1 *4 1 *4 Salmonellosis *3 Swine 116 154 159 216 208 186 139 178 128 121 Cattle 111 128 109 52 78 66 24 24 25 21 Chicken 2 3 2 1 5 0 2 0 1 0 *1 by Salmonella serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum/Gallinarum *2 by C. fetus *3 by Salmonella serovar Dublin, Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Choleraesuis *4 by T. theileri
1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2003 2006 2009 2012 Situation in animals Cattle : mostly free Goat : only one case detected in 1949 Swine and sheep : historically free Dogs : sporadic Brucellosis in Japan 800 700 600 500 400 300 (unit : head) Control measures Test & slaughter for dairy cattle and breeding bulls LHSC performs active surveillance with agglutination test, ELISA, CF, bacterial isolation and PCR. At least once every 5 years Cost: 5-6 USD/head Compensation for culling (4/5 of the estimated market price) Constraints No legal basis to control brucellosis for dog Further actions Reviewing the surveillance programme, to demonstrate freedom among livestock population 200 100 0 Fig: Brucellosis in cattle Table : Cases in the last 5 years Cattle Human *2 2010 2 *1 1+ (1) 2011 0 1+ (1) 2012 0 0 2013 0 2 2014 0 9 +(1) *1 : sero-positive case (no clinical signs & no bacterial isolation) *2 : Human domestic cases are caused by B. canis Bracket () shows imported cases caused by B. melitensis
1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2003 2006 2009 2012 Tuberculosis in Japan Situation in animals Cattle : mostly free (In 1999, 35 beef cattle at 19 farms were diagnosed as tuberculosis) Control measures Test & slaughter for dairy cattle and breeding bulls LHSC performs active surveillance with intradermal tuberculin test At least once every 5 years Cost: 5-6 USD/head Clinical inspection at slaughter house Compensation for culling (4/5 of the estimated market price) 3000 2500 1500 1000 500 0 Fig : Tuberculosis in cattle Table : Cases in the last 5 years (unit : head) Constraints Comparative intradermal tuberculin test to differentiate between animals infected with M. bovis or M. tuberculosis and those infected with other mycobacteria is not performed Further actions Reviewing the surveillance programme, to demonstrate freedom among livestock population Cattle Human *2 2010 0 23,261 2011 0 22,681 2012 0 21,283 2013 0 20,495 2014 1 *1 - *1 : No clinical signs ( bacterial isolation was not performed) *2 : M. tuberculosis case or that without identifying the pathogen
1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2003 2006 2009 2012 Salmonellosis in Japan Situation in animals Fowl typhoid and pullorum disease : almost free (The last outbreak occurred at 10 farms in 2010) Salmonellosis : See Fig2 250000 00 150000 100000 50000 (unit : head) Control measures For fowl typhoid and pullorum disease : Test & Slaughter for parental stock (surveillance for pullorum disease) LHSC performs active surveillance with agglutination test Compensation for culling (1/3 of the estimated market price) For salmonellosis In some prefectures, the prevalence of salmonellosis among livestock/poultry population has been investigated in cooperation with public health authorities. Constraints No legal basis and budget to decrease the prevalence of salmonellosis in livestock/poultry population 0 3000 2500 1500 1000 500 0 Fig1 : Fowl typhoid/pullorum disease (unit : head) Fig2 : Salmonellosis in animals Table : food poisoning cases in the last 5 years 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2,476 3,068 670 861 440 Cattle Swine Chicken
Other diseases Japanese encephalitis (JE) Pig farmers vaccinate breeding sows and boar against JE virus, before the season when mosquito vectors are active. National Institute of Infectious Diseases take samples at slaughter house in cooperation with local public health authorities and perform sero-surveillance to monitor the prevalence of JE virus. Table : Cases in the last 5 years Swine (Unit: household) Human 2010 1 4 2011 0 8 2012 3 2 2013 4 9 2014 6 2 Toxoplasmosis Swine toxoplasmosis is endemic in Okinawa prefecture and the cases detected at slaughter houses are notified to animal health side.
Strength or weakness in terms of zoonotic diseases Strength Legal basis and budget to implement test & slaughter policy with compensation for certain zoonotic diseases Weakness Some zoonoses are low- or non-pathogenic for animals (e.g. campylobacteriosis, toxoplasmosis), and in these cases, legal basis can be inadequate or weak to take necessary preventive measures against animals to control human infections