A2 Revision - 2 Based on previous questions, and potential answers to those questions
Revision topics chosen by your teachers 9. OBLA - Lactate threshold 10. Impulse 11. Characteristics of World Games 12. Altitude training 13. Deviance & drug taking 14. Social facilitation - Zajonc's model and Baron's distraction - conflict theory 15. Motor unit recruitment - Spatial summation 16. ATP-PC energy systems
Lactate threshold Typical question Elite performers follow structured training programmes to develop exceptional levels of fitness. Outline the relationship between VO 2 max and lactate threshold. (3 marks) Gymnastic events can last up to 90 seconds. Explain how the majority of energy is provided for these events. (7 marks)
Lactate Threshold/OBLA During intense exercise of short duration Glycogen is used as energy source Too much produced by - excess is converted to Can only last 4
During high intensity exercise Mitochondria 5
Lactate threshold When starts to in Also known as Occurs because of lack of in at start of exercise = - and during high intensity exercise - 6
Lactate tolerance How well performer copes with accumulation May depend on ability to accumulation May depend on Fitter performers can remove quicker acidity of 7
Removal of lactate During component of 65% converted to and resynthesis into for 25% converted to pyruvate and then to in 10% converted to 8
Impulse Typical question The acceleration that a performer receives when sprinting or high jumping is related to impulse. What do you understand by the term impulse, and how does the athlete use impulse during their sprint or takeoff? (3 marks)
Impulse Measured during force platforms on track Displayed as 10
positive force time negative 11
Impulse Impulse is mainly concerned with single events Involves only Two parts to a negative horizontal forces - positive horizontal forces 12
Typically positive force time negative 13
Typically positive force time negative 14
Typically positive force time negative 15
World games Typical question 'World Class Events' is part of UK Sport's development programme, which aims to attract major sporting championships to the UK. Discuss the suggestion that hosting major championships will benefit the individual performer and the sport. (5 marks)
World Games Single Sport Multi-sport FIFA World Cup Heineken Cup (Rugby) World Hockey Champions Trophy World Shortcourse swimming championships Olympic Games Paralympic Games Commonwealth Games Pan-American Games
Characteristics of World games performers for city/country Large appeal Requires major infrastructure
Effects of World games - performers Highly to be the best Test themselves against Make most of abilities High
Effects of World games - performers Great Short Requires No
Effects of World games - Country impact seen as successful, part of national character Social impact Economic impact financial success Can have negative impact -
Effect of World Games - Government Provide support May be used to demonstrate Successful bid seen as achievement on world-wide scale
Why seek excellence? Individual Society
Not all good news Elite sport for requires substantial Loss of morality Physical and psychological damage from
Qualities required for elite performer/ performance Physical Psychological
Altitude training Typical question Altitude training is used by some marathon runners as part of their physiological preparation. Discuss whether altitude training is always beneficial to marathon runners. (5 marks)
Altitude training To improve performance Lack of at altitude Body response increased numbers of Better sea level transport on return to 27
Altitude training Problems of altitude training unable to train as hard - ; travelling - ; change of location - ; rarefied atmosphere - Solution live at, train at 28
Deviancy Typical Question Some sports have experienced violence, both on and off the field of play, involving both players and spectators. How does the law and sports legislation help to ensure that performers are protected during sporting contests? (3 marks) Explain the advantages and the disadvantages of all sports, in all countries, testing for performance enhancing drugs. (4 marks)
Deviancy in Sport Deviant behaviour against societies Criminal deviant Morally deviant against what is normally accepted as behaviour varies within society subgroups
Deviancy in Sport Intentional breaking of rules or sport has detrimental effect Cheating Accepting / illegal / of / Breaks
Causes of deviancy Individuals lacking Individuals valuing winning above possible or Rewards to resist temptation Some deviant behaviour is becoming Punishment pressures or possible due to
Player violence Spontaneous or planned Causes -
Controlling players Support players Use of / Use with good discipline awards Training for players Training for officials dealing with
Leader s responsibilities Set offenders Keep offenders away from Avoid over- of certain individuals Get players to arousal Avoid attitude
Controlling Hooliganism Segregation Extra Ban All Family
Drugs - Typical question Elite sport performers should be allowed to use performance enhancing drugs just like any other training aid. Discuss this statement (5 marks)
Why performers may use drugs Lack morality Assume everybody else is Unaware of drugs Unaware of Temptation to to achieve with drugs
Battle against drugs Provide those proved to have used drugs Educate young against Ensure performers aware of if they take drugs Ensure performers aware of what is/what is not and what their are
Role of WADA 2003 - World Anti-doping Anti-doping Signatories include sports and, all Olympic Governments Promotes research into Produces list of Helps national bodies produce Helps poorer nations
UK anti-drug Policy 2009 new agency in charge - National Anti-Doping Organisation provides list of athletes involved Testing during and out of Miss a test or give insufficient information = 3 strikes in = ban
Stamp out drugs Educate performers about Make performers responsibilities clear and consequences of Increase number of no warning Increase punishment for proven Use positive to encourage young performers to not use drugs. Continue to develop Use the law - make taking of PEDs
Drug testing Not same for all in UK Performer notifies NADO of Tester arrives Urine Strict - Not all drugs leave traces in If first sample positive
Legalising Drugs in Sport For Against
Social facilitation Typical question Explain the concept of social facilitation and how it can affect performance. (7 marks)
Social facilitation The effects of the presence of an on Audience: primary spectators secondary spectators co-actors 46
Zajonc Audience produces increase in Increase in arousal leads to increase in performance of Hence good/improved performance on well-learned or Negative effect/worse performance on complex or 47
Increase in arousal Increased probability of Dominant response usually poor or incorrect Dominant response usually correct or welllearned Audience or coactors impair performance Audience or coactors enhance performance 48
Cotterell Different audiences can have effects Called Evaluative audience - increases effect of arousal 49
Baron s Distraction-conflict theory Audience takes up capacity Sufficient capacity for skills, but in tasks, audience affects and increases and hence affects Any limits processing capacity and increases 50
Implications of social facilitation Learn new skill in Train/practice with Learn to minimise effects of distractors 51
Spatial summation Typical question All gymnastic events require controlled powerful movements. How can a performer vary the strength of muscular contractions to ensure that a skill is completed correctly? (4 marks)
Motor Units Muscle = bundles of Group of muscle fibres + motor neurone = Either or -twitch units Different sizes of motor units: larger unit - more units used - FT unit - 53
Control of strength Motor units either contract they do not contract at all or More and/or bigger motor units will produce more Based on 54
ATP-PC system Typical question During the winter season, many elite athletes compete indoors. Sprinters compete over 60-metres. Explain how the majority of energy is produced during a 60-metre sprint. (4 marks)
ATP-PC system During maximum effort Stored muscle broken down into This releases This energy may then be used to for muscle contraction Limited stores of PC in limited duration is hence 56
ATP-PC system PC ATP 57