Interntionl Journl of Innovtion nd Scientific Reserch ISSN 351-01 Vol. 9 No. Sep. 01, pp. -3 01 Innovtive Spce of Scientific Reserch Journls http://www.ijisr.issr-journls.org/ Effect of integrted use of orgnic nd minerl fertilizer on some qulity prmeters of mize (Ze mys L.) Mohmmed Awd, Smir G. Al Solimni, nd Fthy S. El-Nkhlwy Deprtment of Arid Lnd Agriculture, Fculty of Meteorology, Environment nd Arid Lnd Agriculture, King Adulziz University, Sudi Ari Copyright 01 ISSR Journls. This is n open ccess rticle distriuted under the Cretive Commons Attriution License, which permits unrestricted use, distriution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl work is properly cited. ABSTRACT: Afield experiment ws conducted to study the effect of integrted use of orgnic nd inorgnic fertilizers on some qulity prmeters of two mize cultivrs in rid lnd in west Sudi Ari during two sesons 01/013 nd 013/01. The experiment ws lid out in split split plot rrnged in rndomized complete lock design with three replictions. The experiment consisted of two mize cultivrs, three levels of chemicl fertilizers NPK (0:0:0) pplied t 100, 500 nd 1000kg/h nd eight tretments of lflf green mnure, chicken mnure, cow mnure nd their comintions. The qulity prmeters studied were protein, oil nd minerls content. The results indicted tht protein content of mize grins ws incresed significntly with the incresing of chemicl fertilizer for the two sesons, wheres the ppliction of orgnic fertilizers incresed the protein content significntly only in the second seson. All mesured qulity prmeters under orgnic tretments were recorded the highest nd significnt vlues in the second seson. Among the orgnics, the comintion of lflf, chicken nd cow mnures ws superior to other tretments in term of protein content nd minerls, where the highest protein content recorded in the second seson ws 11.1% compring to the lowest vlue recorded y the control which ws 9.3%, the minerl content in the second seson for the sme tretment for potssium, clcium, iron nd zinc ws 17.99,.09, 0.9 nd 0.1 g/kg wheres for the control ws 1.5, 1.9, 0.73 nd 0.07 g/kg for K, C, Fe nd Zn respectively. The oil content ws ffected y orgnic mnures only in the second seson. Alflf green mnure recorded the highest oil content in the second seson with percentge of 5.% wheres the lowest content ws recorded y the control which ws 5.11%. KEYWORDS: Ze mys, orgnic mnure, protein content, oil content, minerls content, NPK. INTRODUCTION Orgnic inputs such s green mnure nd niml mnures hs gret potentil for improving soil properties nd crop yield s well s nutrients vilility, however, sole ppliction of orgnic sources of plnt nutrients do not produce remrkle increse in crop yields due to their low nutrient sttus. Therefore, to mintin soil productivity on sustinle sis, comintion of orgnic nd chemicl sources of nutrient needs to e dopted. Continuous use of plnt nd niml orgnic nutrient sources help to uild up soil orgnic mtter, encourge microil ctivity, nd improve physicl properties of the soil. Wheres, the sole use of chemicl nutrient sources provide minly one or more essentil plnt nutrient which the soil cnnot supply in dequte quntities. Generlly, rid lnd soils re of low essentil fertility nd therefore require externl inputs to e improved. On the other hnd the disposl of orgnic wstes is representing serious environmentl prolem nd therefore, the decomposing of these wstes into orgnic fertilizers for crop production will help in sustining soil productivity nd decresing griculturl inputs (Bruce et l., 007).Appliction of ville sources of orgnic plnt nutrients for enhncing soil fertility nd sustining crop productivity should e used in n integrted mnner (FAO, 1993). Recently, there is growing interest in the tropicl world in using orgnic sources of plnt nutrients for improving soil productivity in order to reduce the use of inorgnic fertilizers [Ayeni nd Adetunji, 010]. Moreover, there is undnce of orgnic sources such s frm residues, green mnure nd niml mnures, in ddition, the effect of integrted use of orgnic nd minerl fertilizers on improving the qulity of crops didn t receive much reserch ttention. These resons demnded the need to Corresponding Author: Mohmmed Awd
Mohmmed Awd, Smir G. Al Solimni, nd Fthy S. El-Nkhlwy study the possile use of ville orgnic sources nd minerl fertilizer to improve the yield nd qulity of such crops. It is within this context tht this study ws crried out in rid lnd in west of Sudi Ari to quntify the effects of orgnic nd minerl fertilizers nd their comintions on protein, oil nd minerls content of grin of two mize cultivrs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Experiments The field experiment ws conducted on lomy snd soil t the Agriculturl Reserch Sttion of fculty of meteorology, environment nd rid lnd griculture, King Adulziz University, Sudi Ari. The experiment ws lid out in split split plot rrnged in rndomized complete-lock design with four replictions. The tretments included two mize cultivrs, Single Hyrid 13 Bshir (white grin) nd Trihyrid 35 (yellow grin), these two cultivrs represented the min plots nd they nmed lter CV1 nd CV respectively. NPK (0:0:0) ws pplied in the suplots t three levels (100, 500 nd 1000 kg h - 1), while orgnic fertilizer comprised of eight tretments including lflf green mnure, chicken, cow mnures nd their comintion were pplied in the su su plots of the experiments t 0 t/h. NPK fertilizer ws split into four doses, the first dose ws pplied 15 dys fter sowing nd then 15 dys intervl for the other three doses, while the orgnic fertilizer ws incorported into soil one month efore sowing. After hrvesting, three representtive smples of grin powder of ech tretment were tken for determining protein oil nd minerl content. Tle 1. The tretments of orgnic nutrients sources nd their comintions Tretment No 1 3 5 7 Orgnic mendment Control (No mendment) Alflf mnure Cttle mnure Chicken mnure Alflf + Cttle mnure Alflf + Chicken mnure Cttle mnure + Chicken mnure Alflf + Cttle +Chicken mnure Determintion of grin protein content (%) Triplicte representtive grins smples from ech tretment were tken t mturity stge from ech tretment for the determintion of nitrogen content. The smples were oven dried t 70 C to constnt weight. The content of nitrogen ws determined y digestion methods using Micro-Kjeldhl s pprtus s descried y Americn Assocition of Cerel Chemists (AACC, 000). The percentge of protein in the grin ws clculted y multiplying the grin N content with constnt fctor of.5 nd results were expressed on dry weight sis. Determintion of oil content Oil contents were determined y Soxhlet Ft Extrction method descried y Low, 1990. Demintion of minerl content potssium (K) ws determined y Flme Spectrophotometry, while Clcium C), Iron (Fe), nd, Zinc were determined y Atomic Asorption Spectrophotometry. Sttisticl Anlysis All dt were nlyzed y nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) procedures using SAS progrm (00). After nlysis of vrince, the tretment mens were seprted y revised LSD test ccording to El-Nkhlwy (010). ISSN : 351-01 Vol. 9 No., Sep. 01 9
Effect of integrted use of orgnic nd minerl fertilizer on some qulity prmeters of mize (Ze mys L.) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Protein content 10 CV1 CV Protein content (%) 0 Seson nd Figure 1. Effect of two mize cultivrs on protein content 10 Protein content (%) 100Kg/h 500Kg/h 1000Kg/h 0 Seson nd Figure. Effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer on protein content ISSN : 351-01 Vol. 9 No., Sep. 01 30
Mohmmed Awd, Smir G. Al Solimni, nd Fthy S. El-Nkhlwy Protein content (%) 1 10 1 3 5 7 0 Seson nd Figure 3. Effect of different sources of orgnic fertilizers nd their comintions on protein content Comined ppliction of orgnic nd inorgnic source of nutrients on protein content of mize grinindicted tht protein content incresed significntly mong vrious tretments. In the first nd second seson, the two cultivrs did not show ny significnt differences. The verge protein content for CV1 ws 9.93% nd 10.37%, while for CV ws9.5% nd 10.9% for the first nd second seson respectively (Figure 1). Appliction of NPK fertilizers t different levels ffected the protein content of mize grin significntly. In the first seson, the protein content incresed stedily with the increse of NPK fertilizer. In the second seson the protein content ws lso incresed ccording incresing level, however there ws no significnt difference in protein content of NPK dose of 500 nd 1000kg/h. The protein concentrtion vlues in respective for the first seson were 100, 500 nd 1000kg were 9., 9. 9 nd 10. 7 while for the second seson were 9.9, 10.5 nd 10.57% respectively (Figure ). Appliction of orgnic sources nd their comintions incresed the protein content over the control in the first seson, however, there ws no significnt differences mong ll the tretments, the highest vlue ws 10.11%, which wsrecorded y the comintion of lflf, cow nd chicken mnures, while the lowest vlue ws 9.75% which ws recorded y the control. In the second seson, ll the tretments of orgnic sources incresed the protein content of mize grin significntly over the control, the highest vlue ws recorded y the comintion of lflf, cow nd chicken mnures, which ws 10.39%, while the vlue of the control ws 10.03% (Figure 3).The increse of protein content of mize grin could e ttriuted minly to nitrogen dded from either orgnic or inorgnic sources. Nitrogen is the most importnt constituent of plnt proteins nd is required throughout the crop growth stges to enhnce the formtion of mino cids. The result of this study proved tht the content of protein incresed significntly with incresing dose of NPK ppliction, similr result ws oserved y Weiser nd Seilmeier (199) who found tht protein content ws strongly influenced y nitrogen. Trioi et l. (000) lso reported tht nitrogen is the min fctor tht ffect the protein content of mize grin. Recently, Krsu (01)reported similr result when he oserved tht protein content incresed with incresing of nitrogen rte. This increse in overll protein content ws due to consistent increse in different frctions of proteins. The protein is formed y different mino-cids which re constituted in higher mount due to vilility of nitrogen in split doses during the ll growth stges of the crop. Secondly, the slow relese of nitrogen from orgnic sources ws directly contriuted to the grin protein formtion nd different frctions. Appliction of nitrogen t the optimum level ws improved the protein content of mize (Amnullh et l., 009), wheres the ppliction of the nitrogen higher or lower thn the optimum dose hs dverse effects on the qulity of mize (Stone et l., 199). Therefore, the vilility of nitrogen during grin filling stge is necessry to improve the protein content. Integrtion of orgnic nd inorgnic nitrogen sources is importnt for mize cop to hve esy ccess to nitrogen whenever is needed throughout ll growth stges. Increse in grin protein content of mize s result of ppliction of slow relese source of nitrogen ws reported y Amny et l. (00). ISSN : 351-01 Vol. 9 No., Sep. 01 31
Effect of integrted use of orgnic nd minerl fertilizer on some qulity prmeters of mize (Ze mys L.) Oil content.0 5.5 CV1 CV 5.0 Oil content (%).5.0 3.5 3.0 Seson nd Figure. Effect of two mize cultivrs on oil content.0 5.5 5.0 100Kg/h 500Kg/h 1000Kg/h Oil content (%).5.0 3.5 3.0 Seson nd Figure 5. Effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer on oil content ISSN : 351-01 Vol. 9 No., Sep. 01 3
Mohmmed Awd, Smir G. Al Solimni, nd Fthy S. El-Nkhlwy.0 5.5 5.0 1 3 5 7 Oil content (%).5.0 3.5 3.0 Seson nd Figure. Effect of different sources of orgnic fertilizers nd their comintions on oil content Comined ppliction of orgnic nd inorgnic source of nutrients on oil content of mize grin indicted tht oil content incresed significntly mong vrious tretments. In the first nd second seson, the CV recorded higher oil content thn CV1, however, the difference sttisticlly ws not significnt. The verge of oil content for the first seson ws 5.13% nd 5.5%, while for the second seson ws 5.1% nd 5.3% for CV1 nd CV respectively (Figure ). Appliction of NPK fertilizers t different levels ffected the oil content of mize grin significntly. In oth sesons, the oil content incresed stedily with the increse of NPK fertilizer. The oilcontent vlues for the three levels of NPK 100, 500 nd 1000kg/h in respective for the first seson were 5.05%, 5.1% nd 5.33%, while for the second seson were 5.15%, 5.30 nd 5.1% respectively (Figure 5). Appliction of orgnic sources nd their comintions incresed the oil content of some tretments over the control in the first seson, however, there ws no significnt differences mong ll the tretments, the highest vlue ws 5.35%, which ws recorded y the comintion of lflf, cow nd chicken mnures, while the oil content of the control ws 5.. In the second seson, ll the tretments of orgnic sources incresed the oil content of mize grin significntly over the control, the highest oil content ws recorded y the tretment of lflf green mnure, the recorded vlue ws 5. %, while the lowest vlue ws recorded y the control, which ws 5.11% (Figure ). There ws no significnt difference mong the tretments under the orgnic mnures tretments in the first seson, wheres in the second the seson ll the tretments incresed the oil content of mize grin, the min reson ws ttriuted to ccumultion sulfur relesed y orgnic sources in the soil. Promoting effect of sulfur in grin oil content my e due to reson tht sulfur is needed for the formtion of disulfide ond etween polypeptide chins. It hs een found tht oil contents of grins increses due to the disulphide ond formtion etween polypeptide chins which increses s sulfur concentrtions increses. Sulfur is responsile for oil content increment s it is required in synthesis of co-enzyme A which involved in oxidtion nd synthesis of ftty cids. These results re in conformity with findings of (Azhr et l., 011), (Rsheed et l., 00) nd (Vilelet l., 1995) [9] who found tht sulfur induced higher oil contents in mize grins. ISSN : 351-01 Vol. 9 No., Sep. 01 33
Effect of integrted use of orgnic nd minerl fertilizer on some qulity prmeters of mize (Ze mys L.) Minerls content Tle. Mens for minerls content (K, C, Fe nd Zn) Tretments Minerls content (g/kg) K C Fe Zn 1 st seson nd seson 1 st seson nd seson 1 st seson nd seson 1 st seson nd seson Mize cultivrs CV 1 1. 17.7 1.097 1.15 0.0 0.7 0.075 0.11 CV 1. 1.97 1.510.0 0.51 0.73 0.10 0.17 LSD (0.05) 0.33 0.3 0.101 0.1 0.03 0.113 0.0 0.0 NPK rtes Kg/h 100 1.13 c 1. 1.30 1.7 0.501 0.57 0.01 0.19 500 1.71 17.1 1.39 1.9 0.5 0.5 0.09 0.1 1000 17.03 17.3 1.1 1.777 0.3 0.51 0.097 0.15 LSD (0.05) 0.5 0. 0.1 0.03 0.101 0.13 0.03 0.03 Orgnic fertilizers 1 1. c 1.5 c 0.9 c 1.9 d 0.7 c 0.73 0.09 0.07 1.5 c 1.93 c 1.5 1.35 c 0.59 c 0.515 0.07 0.1 3 1.5 c 17. c 1.19 1.95 c 0.7 c 0.535 0.0 0.1 1. c 17.1 1.9.0 0.559 0.50 0.09 0.157 5 1.09 c 1.7 c 1.17 1.91 c 0.3 c 0.01 0.135 0.175 1.73 1.9 c 1.379 1. c 0.53 c 0.9 0.5 0.150 7 1.5 17.11 c 1.37 1.9 0.0 c 0.09 0.0 0.13 17.05 17.99 1..09 0. 0. 0.0 0.11 LSD (0.05) 0. 0.7 0.03 0.331 0.15 0.5 0.05 0.05 Mens with sme letter (s) in ech column, re not sttisticlly different t P 0.05 Orgnic nutrients sources ffected the content of minerls in mize grin significntly. K is highly importnt for the seeds for sowing s low concentrtions of K in seeds in generl cn negtively ffect the rpidity of germintion nd development of seedlings (Hejcmn et l. 01, Ndeem et l. 01), ll the tretments were ffected the content of potssium in mize grin. For oth sesons the potssium content incresed significntly with incresing rte of NPK fertilizer. Orgnic fertilizers tretments influenced the content of potssium, the highest vlues for the two sesons were recorded y the comintion of lflf, chicken nd cow mnure which ws 17.0 nd 17.9 g/kg for the first nd second seson respectively. Clcium content ws not ffected y NPK fertilizers t ll pplictions rtes, wheres the orgnic tretment were incresed the clcium content significntly over the control for the two sesons. The highest vlues for the two sesons were recorded y the comintions of lflf, chicken nd cow mnures which were 1. nd.09 g/kg wheres the lowest vlues were recorded y the control which were 0.9 nd 1.9 mg/kg for the first nd second sesons respectively. The chemicl fertilizer didn t ffect the content of iron in mize grin, wheres some orgnic fertilizer tretments recorded higher vlues over the control. The comintion of lflf, chicken nd cow mnure tretment recorded the highest iron content which were 0. nd 0.g/kg wheres the control vlues for the two sesons were 0.7 nd 0.73 g/kg for the first nd second seson respectively. In the first seson zinc ws not ffected y NPK ppliction, while in the second seson, NPK t 500 kg/h incresed the content of zinc significntly. All orgnic mnure tretments incresed zinc content significntly over the control for the second sesons. The mximum vlues for the two sesons were noticed with the tretment of the comintion of lflf nd cow mnures, which were 0.135 g/kg nd 0.175 g/kg for the first nd second seson respectively, wheres the lowest vlues were noticed with the control for the oth sesons which were 0.09 g/kg nd 0.07 g/kg respectively (Tle ). The integrtion of orgnic nd inorgnic fertilizers promoted significntly (P <0.05) the minerls content in mize grin. This might e ttriuted to the micronutrient content in the orgnic mnure nd lso the effect of orgnic cids produced during decomposition of soil minerls. Effect of minerl nd orgnic mnures on mize grin minerl content ws oserved y mny studies. Prsd (191) opined tht orgnic mnures incresed the Zn nd Fe content of mize from deficiency to sufficiency level, which cused the improvement in mize yield of clcreous soil. Kher nd Minhs (1991) reported tht the comined ppliction of recommended dose of NPK nd frm yrd mnure to mize-whet rottion significntly incresed the uptke of Zn, Mn nd Fe in oth crops. Ghosh et l. (001) reported tht ppliction of frm yrd ISSN : 351-01 Vol. 9 No., Sep. 01 3
Mohmmed Awd, Smir G. Al Solimni, nd Fthy S. El-Nkhlwy mnure long with recommended dose of NPK fertilizer considerly incresed the uptke of Zn, Mn, Cu nd Fe y whet over solute control nd recommended dose of fertilizer tretment. CONCLUSION The results presented herein prove tht the ppliction of orgnic nd chemicl sources improved the mesured qulity prmeters of mize grin. The comintion of lflf, chicken nd cow mnures with 500 kg/h NPK (0:0:0) ws the est mong ll studied tretments. Orgnic fertilizers contining micronutrients increse the content of minerls which re prerequisite for nutrition. Avilility of soil nutrients should e checked on regulr sis to ensure esy ccessiility nd crop qulity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The uthors re grteful nd gretly indeted to King Adulziz City for Science nd Technology (KACST) for full finncil support of this project No ( - ت- ط- 1 ). Field nd lortory ssistnce y lortory nd reserch frm sttion stff is highly cknowledged. REFERENCES [1] Amnullh, R., Khttk A nd Khlil.,S.K 009. Effects of plnt density nd N on phenology nd yield of mize. Journl of Plnt Nutrition, 3: -0. [] Amny, A, Bhr Zeidn, M.S., Hozyn, M. 00. Yield nd qulity of mize (Ze mys L.) s ffected y slow-relese nitrogen in newly reclimed sndy soils. Americn-Eursin Journl of Agriculturl nd Environmentl Science, 1(3): 39-. [3] Americn Assocition Cerel Chemists, 000.Approved Methods of the Americn Assocition of Cerel Chemists. Americn Assocition of Cerel Chemists, Inc., St. Pul, Minnesot. [] Ayeni, L.S nd Adetunji, M.T, Integrted Appliction of Poultry Mnure nd Minerl Fertilizer on Soil Chemicl Properties, Nutrient Uptke, Yield nd growth components of mize, Nture nd Science, 010;(1), 0-7 [5] AzhrGhffri, Asghr Ali, Muhmmd Thir, Muhmmd Wseem, M. Ayu, Asif Iql, Att UllhMohsin, Influence of Integrted Nutrients on Growth, Yield nd Qulity of Mize (Ze mys L.) Americn Journl of Plnt Sciences, 011,, 3-9. [] Bruce A. Linquist.VongvilyPhengsouvnn.PhengSengxue, Benefits of orgnic residues nd chemicl fertilizer to productivity of rin-fed lowlnd rice nd to soil nutrient lnces, NutrCyclAgroecosyst (007) 79:59 7. [7] El-Nkhlwy, F.S. (010) Experimentl Design nd nlysis in Scientific Reserch. Sci. Pu. Center, King Adulziz University, Jeddh, Sudi Ari PP.. [] Ghosh, B. N., Prksh, V. nd Singh, R. D., 001, Micronutrient sttus in soyen (Glycine mx)-whet (Triticumestivum) cropping system in Kumon region of Uttrnchl. Indin J. Agric. Sci., 71() : 19-15. [9] Hejcmn M., Křišťálová V., Červená K., Hrdličková J., Pvlů V. (01): Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus nd potssium vilility on mother plnt size, seed production nd germintion ility of Rumexcrispus. Weed Reserch, 5: 0. [10] Krsu, A., 01. Effect of nitrogen levels on grin yield nd some ttriutes of some hyrid mize cultivrs (Ze mys indenttsturt.) grown for silge s second crop. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 1: -. [11] Kher, D. nd Minhs, R. S., 1991, Effect of fertilizer ppliction, mnuring nd liming on the yield nd micronutrients uptke y mize nd whet under mid-hilly conditions of Himchl Prdesh. Crop Res., (1) : 15-1. [1] Low N.H., Food nlysis, 17/717 Lortory Mnul, Dept. of Microiology nd Food Science, Univ. of Ssktchewn, Cnd, 1990, pp. 37-3. [13] Ndeem M., Mollier A., Morel C., Vives A., Prud homme L., Pellerin S. (01): Mize (Ze mys L.) endogenous seed phosphorus remoiliztion is not influenced y exogenous phosphorus vilility during germintion nd erly growth stges. Plnt nd Soil, 357: 13. [1] Prsd, B., 191 Use of orgnic mnure for correction on zinc nd iron deficiencies in mize plnt grown in clcreous soil J. Indin Soc. Soil Sci., 9 : 13-133. [15] Rsheed M., Ali H. nd Mhmood T., Impct of Nitrogen nd Sulfur Appliction on Growth nd Yield of Mize (L.Ze mys) Crop, Journl Reserch of Science, Vol. 15, No., 00, pp. 153-157. [1] SAS (00) SAS/SATA Softwre, SAS Institute,. Cry, NC., USA. ISSN : 351-01 Vol. 9 No., Sep. 01 35
Effect of integrted use of orgnic nd minerl fertilizer on some qulity prmeters of mize (Ze mys L.) [17] Stone, P.J. Sorensen, I.B., nd Reid,J.B, 199. Effect of plnt popultion nd nitrogen fertilizer on yield nd qulity of super sweet corn. Agronomy New Zelnd : 1-5. [1] Trioi E Ad, A., Michelen, A., Liovers J., Other J. L. nd C. Dnid. 000. Environmentl effects on the qulity of two whet genotypes. I. Quntittive nd qulittive vritions of storge proteins. Europen Journl.Agronomy.13 (1): 7-. [19] Vilel L., Ritchey K.D. nd Silv J.E., Response of Soyens nd Mize to Sulfur Fertilizer on Drk-RedLtosol Originlly under Cendo Vegettion in the Distrito Federl, Revist Brzil nd Cienci Solo, Vol. 19,No., 1995, pp. 1-5. [0] Wieser H. nd Seilmeier, W.199. The influence of nitrogen fertiliztion on quntities nd proportions of different protein types in whet flour. Journl Science Food Agriculture. 7:17-131. ISSN : 351-01 Vol. 9 No., Sep. 01 3