And anti-b
Blood types cont. In addition to A and B substances, RBC can carry the Rhesus factor (Rh factor) on their membrane The Rh factor implies a positive (present) or a negative (not present) So a RBC can carry both an agglutinogen and an Rh factor What combinations can exist?
Blood types If Amy has both substance A and the Rh factor on her RBC membranes, what is her blood type? A+ If Ben has only substance A, then his blood type would be? A-
Blood Transfusions Blood Transfusions: entails the injection of blood into a person Why do blood transfusions exist? Certain blood diseases must receive transfusions Accidents and emergency situations can call for transfusions
Blood Transfusions Blood transfusions need donors and recipients Donor and recipient can be the same person! Ppl can bank their own blood in case of emergency or in preparation for surgery Blood donor: a person who gives blood for the purpose of a transfusion Blood recipient: person who receives blood from a transfusion
Incompatible and Compatible If you are given the wrong blood type (incompatible with yours) you could DIE Ppl were dying before Blood Types were discovered in 1902 It is very rare for this to happen now a days
Rules governing blood transfusions Donor s RBC membranes must not carry substances that differ from the recipient s RBC membrane Can you give me an example? (Pg. 181) Example: John has B+ (substance B, Rh factor) Can receive from: B+, B-, O+, O- Cannot receive from: A+, A-, AB+, AB-
Blood compatibility Blood compatibility means that one person can receive blood from another person See pg 181 Table 6.31 We can draw these conclusions Transfusions are possible w/ the same blood type Type O- blood can DONATE blood to anyone (universal donors) Type AB+ blood can RECEIVE blood from anyone (universal recipient)
Blood substances Substance A and B (found on RBC membrane) are called AGGLUTINOGENS When blood transfusions between incompatible blood types, the recipient receives blood cells with foreign agglutinogens The agglutinogens are seen invaders and ANTIBODIES see these as a threat and get rid of them
NINJAS!!!! Antibodies = AGGLUTININS are like little ninjas in the blood and try to destroy/kill foreign substances Phagocytosis!!! When the white blood cell eats the invader or kills it (think pac-man) The antibodies attach to foreign RBC causing them to clump This is called AGGLUTINATION and leads to clogging of blood vessels and can kill the recipient
Vaccines How to make vaccines? Start with a massive cell culture of the infectious agent The cells are treated to render them harmless 2 treatment methods Live vaccine Inactive vaccine Pg. 255 Take a look!!
Chose a treatment! Live Vaccine chemically treated to remove ability to cause illness Cells are mixed w/ pharmaceutical products to improve shelf life Infectious agent still alive, but no ability to cause disease Inactive Vaccine Made using part of infectious agent (antigen) [since recognized by antibodies] Isolate disease causing antigen and render it harmless Mix w/ pharmaceutical products to improve shelf life Naturally, inactive vaccine doesn t contain live infectious agents
Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System Pg. 182 Circulatory system contains Blood Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) Heart (pumps the blood) Why do we have blue and red vessels carrying our blood? Take a look at Pg. 182 Oxygen-rich blood is Red, carbon dioxide-rich blood is Blue on cartoon diagrams
Blood Vessels Arteries Largest blood vessels in the body Fig. 6.33 Carry blood away from heart to other parts of the body Walls are very thick Can withstand the high pressure of the blood they carry
Capillaries Blood Vessels Smaller, branched off, narrow arteries called arterioles branch off and narrow further into capillaries Smallest blood vessels Fig. 6.34 So narrow that 1 RBC travel single file through them Walls are very thin (made up of single cell layer) Thin walls ease exchange of O 2 and CO 2 between blood and organ cells (as well as nutrients and waste)