Advnes in Biologil Reserh 0 (5): 335-344, 206 ISSN 992-0067 IDOSI Pulitions, 206 DOI: 0.5829/idosi.r.206.335.344 Effet of Supplementing Nturl Feed Additives: Blk Cumin, Fenugreek nd Turmeri on the Growth Performne nd Eonomi Effiieny of Broiler Chikens 2 3 Yontn Kssu, Berhn Tmir nd Etlem Tesfye Deprtment of Animl nd Rnge Siene, Wolit Sodo University, P. O. Box 38, Wolit Sodo, Ethiopi 2 Deprtment of Animl Prodution Studies, College of Veterinry Mediine nd Agriulture, Addis A University, P. O. Box 34, Dere Zeit, Ethiopi 3 Dere Zeit Agriulturl Reserh Center, P.O. Box 32, Dere Zeit, Ethiopi Astrt: A study ws onduted to find the effet of lk umin (Nigell stiv L.), fenugreek (Trigonell foenum-greum L.) nd turmeri (Curum long L.) seeds s nturl feed dditives on roiler performne. A totl of 35 dy-old unsexed roiler hiks (Co 500) were rndomly lloted to seven tretment groups with three replites of 5 eh rered for 49 dys. The experimentl diets were: Control (T 0), lk umin seed g kg (T ), lk umin 2 g kg (T 2), fenugreek powder g kg (T 3), fenugreek 2 g kg (T 4), turmeri powder kg, turmeri (T 5) nd turmeri powder 2 g kg (T 6). Live ody weight (LBW), ody weight gin (BWG) nd verge dily gin (ADG) of hikens ws not influened y the nturl dietry tretments (P 0.05) s ntiipted through the experiment. Nturl feed dditive tretment diets ensured high feed onversion effiieny (P 0.0) thn the ontrol diet group over strter nd finisher phses. The supplementtion of turmeri nd lk umin oth t nd 2 g kg in the diet were highly improved FCR (P 0.0) ompred to irds in the ontrol nd fenugreek group. Performne Index (PI) vlues shows through the experimentl period (T ), (T 5) nd (T 6), respetively resulted in extremely inrese in PI vlue (P 0.0) s ompred to ontrol (T 0) group. Better eonomi effiieny ws reorded in T, T 5 (63.25%) nd T 6 (56.4%) s ompred to ll the other dietry tretments nd the ontrol, respetively. These differenes in reltive eonomi effiieny (REE) showed tht diet ontined mediinl plnt with suh levels were more eonomil thn the ontrol diet nd ould e used eonomil s growth promoters. Therefore, turmeri nd lk umin supplementtion t g kg might e eptle for hieving optimum roilers performne, feed utiliztion nd revenue ost rtio. Key words: Blk umin Fenugreek Turmeri Broiler performne Eonomi effiieny INTRODUCTION in nimls nd the onern out the effet of drug residues in nimls nd onsumle food produts The use of ntiiotis in poultry feeds s growth hve driven the serh for lterntive feed dditives, promoter is enefiil in improvement of prodution whih re heper nd sfer for use s feed dditives. prmeters nd diseses prevention. However, the Benefiil effets of iotive plnt sustnes in lrge utiliztion of ntiiotis s growth promoters hs niml nutrition my inlude the stimultion of ppetite led to the inresing resistne of pthogens to nd feed intke, the improvement in endogenous ntiiotis nd the umultion of ntiioti residues digestive enzyme seretion, sorption of nutrients nd in niml produts nd in the environment. This sitution tivtion of immune response [3-5]. Furthermore, they requires the world to restrit using ntiioti growth show physio-pthologil (nti-inflmmtory, ntipromoters in niml feeds [,2]. The reent n on the use oxidtive) nd nti-miroil tivities (ntiteril, of ntiiotis s feed dditives due to drug resistne ntivirl) [6-8]. Corresponding Author: Yontn Kssu, Deprtment of Animl nd Rnge Siene, Wolit Sodo University, P. O. Box 38, Wolit Sodo, Ethiopi. 335
Advn. Biol. Res., 0 (5): 335-344, 206 The positive impts of mediinl plnts re the result of synergy etween omplexes of tive moleules, lthough detiled mehnisms of their tions in roiler hikens remins unler [9]. Therefore, the ojetives of the present study were set to investigte the effet of dietry supplementtion of lk umin, fenugreek nd turmeri t different level on growth performnes nd eonomi effiieny in ommeril roiler hiken. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Are: The experiment ws rried out t Addis A University ollege of Veterinry Mediine nd Agriulture Poultry frm, Dere Zeit, loted 47 km south est of Addis A. Preprtion of the Experimentl Diets: Three mediinl plnts, nmely Nigell stiv L. (lk umin), Trigonell foenum-greum L. (fenugreek) nd Curiulum long (turmeri) ws purhsed from the viinity lol mrkets. The mediinl plnts were wshed with old wter nd dried under shde. The dried turmeri root nd fenugreek seeds were orsely powdered, wheres, lk umin seed used s it is for feed formultion. The smples were further ground into powder y using Wiley mill (Thoms Wiley Cutting Mill) to pss through mm sreen for proximte hemil nlysis. The otined powder ws pked in polythelene g nd preserved in the feed storge room until used for feed formultion. Bsed on the hemil nlysis result, seven tretment rtions ontining lk umin, fenugreek nd turmeri t levels of 0, nd 2% of the totl rtion were formulted s: Control diet (T 0), lk umin seed g kg (T ), lk umin 2 g kg (T 2), fenugreek powder g kg (T 3), fenugreek 2 g kg (T 4), turmeri powder kg (T 5) nd turmeri 2 g kg (T 6). The rtions were formulted to e nerly isolori nd isonitrogenous s shown in Tle 2 with Metolizle Energy (ME) ontent of 3000 kl/kg Dry Mtter (DM) nd Crude Protein (CP) ontent of 22% during the strter phse of to 28 dys of ge nd ME ontent of 3200 kl/kg DM nd CP ontent of 20% for finisher phse of 29 to 49 dys of ge [0]. Mngement of Experimentl Birds: A totl of 35 Co 500 unsexed dy-old roiler hiks with verge initil ody weight of 40.58±0.63 grm were rndomly divided into seven dietry tretments nd three replitions per tretment thus hving 5 hiks per replite or pen. The irds were vinted ginst Newstle Tle : Chemil omposition of studied feed dditives Ingredients DM% Ash% CP% CF% EE% C% P% ME Mize 90.33 9. 6.89 4.62 2.4.66 0.30 3300.08 SBM 94.7 6.34 37.37 5.95 2.55 2.2 0.65 3847.28 NSC 92.93 7.5 36.79 6.03 8.6.44 0.65 2667.04 Whet Brn 86.6 7.0.0 25.0 4.80 0..5 709.02 Blk umin 94.37 2.29 25.77 4.73 36.88.94 0.75 448.88 Fenugreek 92.77 7.98 46.7 8.30 7.03.62 0.25 327.64 Turmeri 87.63 7.04 8.70 3.42 7.04.33 0.36 3884.34 *Nutrient per DM perentge, CF=Crude fier; DM=Dry Mtter; CP=Crude protein; EE=Ether Extrt; C= Clium; P=Phosphorous; SBM= Soy en mel, NSC= Niger seed ke; ME= (kl/kg DM). (Hithner-B t dy 7 through n eye drop) nd Lsot ooster dose t dy 2 nd Infetious Bursl Disese (Gumoro) t the ge of 4 nd 24 through hlorine free drinking wter. Helth preution nd strit io-seurity mesures were tken during the entire experimentl period. Before the ommenement of the tul experiment, experimentl pens, wtering nd feeding troughs were thoroughly lened, disinfeted nd spryed ginst externl prsites. The hiks were rooded using 200 wtt eletri uls with grdul height djustment s soures of het nd light in deep litter house overed with Teff strw. Feed were mesured nd offered twie dy while len tp wter ws offered d liitum throughout the experimentl period. Mesurements: The mount of feed offered nd refused per pen ws reorded dily. Feed intke ws determined s the differene etween the feed offered nd refused. Smples of feed offered nd refused were tken dily per pen nd pooled per tretment for the entire experimentl period for hemil nlysis. Birds were weighed weekly in group per pen nd pen verge ws lulted. Body Weight (BW) hnge ws lulted s the differene etween the finl nd initil BW. Averge dily BW gin (ADG) ws lulted s the rtio of BW hnge to the numer of experimentl dys. Feed onsumption/gin (FCR) ws omputed s the rtio of ADG to dily feed onsumption. Performne index (PI): ws lulted during studied growth periods ording to the eqution of [3-2] PI = (live ody weight (kg) / feed onversion rtio) x 00. Mortlity ws registered s it ourred nd mortlity rte lulted. Chemil Anlysis: Smples of feed ingredients nd tretment dditives were nlyzed for dry mtter (DM), ether extrt (EE), rude fier (CF) sh nd lium 336
Advn. Biol. Res., 0 (5): 335-344, 206 Tle 2: Proportion of ingredients nd gross omposition of experimentl diets Strter (-28) Finisher (29-49) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ingredients% T T T T T T T T T T T T T T 0 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 3 4 5 6 Mize 56.97 56 56 57.50 58.3 57.75 57 60 60 59.52 6.5 6.50 60 60 SBM 28 28 28 28.48 28.30 29.6 29.67 20 20 20 20 9 20.45 20 Whet rn 5.2 5.22 5 4 3 3 3 2.37.20 0 0 0 9 NSC 6.2 6.20 5.55 5.55 5 5.25 5 4 4.27 4 4 4 5 5.5 Limestone 2.33 2.28 2.8 2.20 2.0 2.8 2.2 2.4 2.30 2.2 2.22 2.8 2.25 2.8 Slt 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 Vitmin-minerl Premix 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL-Methonine 0.30 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 L-Lysine HCl 0.5 0.3 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.29 0.27 0.29 Blk umin - 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - fenugreek - - - 2 - - - - - 2 - - Turmeri - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 Totl 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Clulted nlysis% ME (kl/kg DM) 2970 2995 2999 2898 2890 3005 2992 398.90 396.06 399 3 37.4 37.5 323.36 CP% 2.75 2.95 2.93 2.60 2.90 2.80 2.92 9.60 9.50 9.75 20.00 20.05 9.6 9.63 C.06.04.00.0.05.35.40.04.3.2.02.6.07.09 P 0.46 0.49 0.5 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.48 0.57 0.59 0.56 0.55 0.57 0.53 0.58 SBM= Soy en mel, NSC= Niger seed ke, T0= Control sl diet, T = % lk umin, T 2= 2% lk umin, T 3= % fenugreek, T 4= 2% fenugreek, T 5= % turmeri, T 6= 2% turmeri, vitmin-minerl Premix ontins, Vitmin A 000 000 IU, Vitmin D 3200 000 IU. Vitmin E 000 mg, Vitmin K3 225 mg, Vitmin B 25 mg, Vitmin B2 500 mg, Vitmin B3 375 mg, Vitmin B6 25mg, Vitmin B2 2 mg, Vitmin PP (niin) 4, 000 mg, Foli Aid, 00 mg, holine hloride 37,500 mg, Clium 29.7%, Iron 0.4%, Copper 0.05%. Mngnese 0.6%, Zin 0.7%, Iodine 0.0% Selenium 0.004%. [3]. Nitrogen ws determined y Kjeldhl proedure Sttistil Anlysis: Dt were nlyzed using the nd rude protein (CP) ws lulted y multiplying generl liner models (GLM) proedures of SAS sttistil Nitrogen ontent y 6.25. Clium ws determined y pkge version 9.3 [5]. With the model onsisting of tomi sorption spetrometer fter dry shing. tretments Dunn s multiple rnge tests were pplied to The Metolizle energy (ME) levels of feed ingredients seprte the differenes etween tretment mens. ws lulted using the formul ME (Kl/kg DM) =395 + 54.4 EE - 88.7 CF - 40.8 Ash [4]. RESULTS Eonomi Effiieny (EE) Anlysis: The feed ost per unit Chemil Anlysis: The proximte nlysis of the feed gin will e onsidered in order to evlute the ingredient nd dditives used in the experimentl diets profitility of the mediinl plnts inlusion levels on presented in Tle. Fenugreek hs etter omposition net profit of ird sles. The eonomi effiieny ws of CP (46.70%), thn lk umin nd turmeri, while lk lulted s follows: umin hs higher CF (4.73%) nd sh (2.3%) thn Averge BW (kg) fenugreek nd turmeri, while, turmeri ontined the Totl revenue per ird sell (ssuming 80 ETB per kg lowest perent of CP (8.70%), CF (3.42%) nd sh (7.04%), BW onstnt for ll tretment irds) respetively. On the other hnd, lk umin powder hd kg totl feed onsumption per ird the highest lulted metolizle energy (448.90 kl/ Feed ost/ kg kg). Higher energy level of lk umin ould e due to Totl feed ost per ird higher ft level (36.88%) s ompred to fenugreek Net revenue = Totl revenue per ird? Totl feed (7.03%) nd turmeri (9.63%), respetively. Vlues of live ost per ird BW, BW gin (BWG), verge dily gin (ADG) of the *Eonomil Effiieny (EE) = Net revenue / prie of hiks fed on the experimentl diets re shown in Tle 3. totl feed onsumed There were no signifint differenes mong tretments *REE= (E.E*00) / Control EE; where: ontrol in live BW during the strter nd finisher phse (P 0.05). tretment group REE=00% In regrd to weight gins, similr trend ws reorded s 337
Advn. Biol. Res., 0 (5): 335-344, 206 Tle 3: Effet of lk umin, fenugreek nd turmeri supplemented diets on growth performne of roilers Tretments ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prmeters T0 T T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 P vlue Initil BW 40.66±0.38 40.67±0.67 40.45±0.22 40.22±0.22 4.0±0.33 40.89±0.59 40.22±0.22 0.882 LBW (g/ird) Strter 88.±.43 847.78±2.6 862.89±29.4 8.33±22.06 79.30±3.7 858.0±40.85 909.56±29.70 0.23 Finisher 2088.89±3.50 2072.33±25.86 956.60±66.8 9.2±20.98 856.25±0.98 2070.7±208.03 2097.0±37.0 0.35 BWG Strter 840.45±.06 807.±20.63 822.44±29.20 77.±22.0 750.4±3.2 87.±40.37 869.33±29.52 0.38 Finisher 207.78±22.50 224.56±26.0 093.72±37.46 099.88±4.44 064.95±32.06 22.7±90.4 87.546±22.42 0.623 Overll 2048.23±3.5 203.67±26.03 96.6±66.60 870.99±2.3 85.36±0.88 2029.28±208.08 2056.87±37.04 0.35 ADG Strter 30.02±4.4 28.83±4.23 29.37±4.34 27.54±4.02 26.79± 4.27 29.9± 4.67 3.05±.05 0.6 Finisher 57.5±.07 58.3±.24 52.08±.79 52.37±.98 50.7±.53 57.72±9.07 56.55±.07 0.623 Overll 43.77±6.7 43.57±6.62 40.73±5.6 39.96±5.63 38.75±5.4 43.45±7.59 43.80±5.74 0.993 *: P<0.05: T = % lk umin, T 2= 2% lk umin, T 3= % fenugreek, T 4= 2% fenugreek, T 5= % turmeri, T 6= 2% turmeri, BW=ody weight; LBW=live BW; BWG=BW gin; ADG=verge dily gin Tle 4: Effet of lk umin, fenugreek nd turmeri supplemented diets on growth performne of roilers Tretments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Prmeters T0 T T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 P vlue Feed intke (g/ird) Strter 68.89±0.34 5.78± 6.87 53.24±7.4 67.86±9.96 64.09 ±9.67 50.36±7.05 5.22±6.83 0.440 Finisher 5.79±9.64 02.92±3.65 3.88±5.23 7.2±9.43 62.96±9.86 9.82±5.90 20.54±6.39 <0.000 Overll 56.58±.7 36.3±7.0 3882.27±8. 5495.35±3.73 527.03±2.87 3926.37±8.98 3965.57±8.97 0.0366 FCR Strter 2.24±0.0.87±0.05.87±0.05 2.45±0.06 2.44±0.4.8±0.06.76±0.08 <0.00 Finisher 2.69±0.25.84±0.2 2.9±0.08 3.28±0.20 3.53± 0.20 2.22±0.22 2.8±0.3 <0.00 Overll 2.44±0.2.85±0.06 2.0±0.06 2.80±0.3 2.90±0.7.98±0..94±0.08 <0.00 Performne index Strter (-28) d 35.07±0.35 48.09±3.68 49.24±3.29 d 3.46±2.77 d 36.82±7.83 53.4±6.86 62.99±6.34 0.0065 Finisher (29-49) 68.26±2.77 3.0±6.88 80.88±5. 50.74±4.22 54.94±8.23 99.50±39.9 92.35±.89 0.0256 Overll (-49) 85.6±.29.86±.40 97.8±3.34 68.26±0.75 64.0±0.03 04.55±0.5 08.0±.9 <0.00 Mortlity% 2.22 0 0 4.44 4.44 0 2.22 0.579 Survivility% 97.78±2.22 00±0.0 00±0.0 95.56±4.44 95.55±2.22 00±0.0 97.78±2.22 0.579 *: P<0.05; Mens followed y the sme letter in rows do not differ sttistilly from one nother y the Dunn s multiple rnge test t 5% proility; FCR=feed onversion rtio; T = % lk umin, T 2= 2% lk umin, T 3= % fenugreek, T 4= 2% fenugreek, T 5= % turmeri, T 6= 2% turmeri the previously otined with ody weights. It is evident during the finisher period (49 dys) (Tle 4). Birds on tht supplementl lk umin, fenugreek nd turmeri to the fenugreek supplemented diet nd the ontrol roiler sl diets sttistilly resulted in non-signifint group were showed higher (P 0.0) feed intke differene (P 0.05) with tht of the ontrol diets on oth during the 49 dys of ge, while there ppered nonphses. signifint differenes (P 0.05) when roiler hiks fed Similrly, there ppered dietry nturl dditives oth the tretment s well s the ontrol diets during the tretments did not ffet (P 0.05) the ADG when roiler strter phse. Birds fed diets supplemented with hiks fed lk umin, fenugreek nd turmeri t vlue of fenugreek t g kg (7.2 g) nd 2g kg (62.96 g) hs nd 2 g kg- during the strter nd finisher phses. the highest mount of feed onsumption vlue followed There were no signifint differenes mong y the ontrol diet (5.79 g). The overll feed tretments in feed onsumption during the strter onsumption in the group ws higher in T 3thn T, T 2, T 4, phse (P 0.05). While the differene in feed intke T 5 nd T 6 ut omprle with tht of the ontrol group etween the diets ws highly inresed (P 0.0) (T ). 0 338
Advn. Biol. Res., 0 (5): 335-344, 206 Tle 5: Effet of dietry levels of nturl feed dditives on eonomi effiieny Nturl feed dditive -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Blk umin Fenugreek Turmeri -------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- Prmeter Control g kg 2g kg g kg 2g kg g kg 2g kg Averge BW kg 2.09 2.07.96.9.86 2.07 2. Feed intke per hik/kg 5.2 3.6 3.88 5.49 5.22 3.93 3.97 Feed ost per kg (ETB) 5.08 5.79 6.5 5.9 5.9 4.46 4.95 Totl feed ost per hik 77.2 57.00 64.06 83.39 83.05 56.83 59.35 Selling revenue (ETB) 67.2 65.6 56.80 52.8 48.8 65.6 68.0 Net revenue (ETB) 89.99 08.6 92.74 69.4 65.75 08.77 08.48 Eonomi Effiieny (EE).7.9.45 0.83 0.79.9.83 R.E.E 00 63.25 23.93 70.94 67.52 63.25 56.4 *Eonomi Effiieny (EE), Reltive eonomil effiieny (REE), ETB= Ethiopin Birr, Totl revenue per ird = ssuming 80 ETB / kg live ody weight. Current exhnge rte: ETB = 0.04528 USD. From the result presented in Tle 4, it ws ler tht note tht the fenugreek t g kg - nd ontrol group highly signifint differene etween tretments in FCR reorded the lowest PI vlues, respetively. Performne during the experimentl periods ws seen. Nturl feed index of the experimentl groups during the finisher period dditive tretment diets ensured high FCR (P 0.0) (4-7 wks.) showed sustntil outome (P 0.05) s thn the ontrol diet group during oth phses. ompred with ontrol group. Among ll tested dietry The supplementtion of turmeri t 2 nd g kg nd levels of studied dditives, lower level of lk umin nd lk umin nd 2 g kg in the diet vstly improved turmeri hd the est vlues of PI when ompred to tht FCR (P 0.0), respetively. There were no differenes etween fenugreek nd 2 g kg groups nd ontrol groups (P 0.05) during the strter phse. In the finisher phse (28 to 49 dys) similr pttern showed for fenugreek or 2 g/ kg hd 3.28-3.53 g feed/grm gins, respetively followed y ontrol group (2.69 g feed/grm gins), eing signifintly impired in FCR whih mens more feed is onsumed to produe the sme mount of met thn tht needed in lk umin nd in ontrry turmeri t or 2g kg fed roiler groups tht hd higher FCR of.8-2.2 g feed/grm weight, respetively (P 0.0). Through the experimentl period there ws similr trend to tht of the finisher period s of supplementing turmeri t oth g nd 2g kg levels (.94 nd.98) resulted (P 0.0) in improved FCR ompred to the ontrol nd fenugreek group. However, there were no signifint differene (P 0.05) etween lk umin nd turmeri fed irds oth t nd 2 g kg. Overll, the hiks fed with fenugreek t ll rtion did not utilize their diet effiiently s ompred with those of the other tretment groups. Performne Index (PI): Results presented in Tle 4, indited tht there were signifint differenes mong tretments in PI during the different experimentl periods. Performne index vlues showed during the strter phse - supplementing diet with turmeri t 2 nd g kg were signifintly upturn PI vlues (P 0.0). It is worthy to of 2 g kg upper levels. Moreover, through the experimentl period there ws similr trend to tht of the finisher phse s of supplementing lk umin t vlue of g kg (.89) nd turmeri t vlue of nd 2g kg (04.55 nd 08.0), respetively resulted in inresed in PI vlue (P 0.0) ompred to the ontrol group. Furthermore, survivl rte ws not hnged mong ll tretments throughout the experimentl period (P = 0.05). Overll mortlity ws 0.63% whih is lower thn epted limit of ommeril roiler. Eonomi Effiieny: The results of eonomil effiieny (EE) nd reltive eonomil effiieny (REE) evlution of feeding different experimentl diets through the period of 49 dys of ge s ffeted y dietry lk umin, fenugreek nd turmeri levels re presented in Tle 5. It is ovious tht inluding nturl feed dditives in the sl dietry tretments deresed prodution osts s ompred to tht of the ontrol. It is worthy to note tht supplementing g kg- levels of turmeri or lk umin to sl diets resulted to redution in feed ost s ompred to orresponding 2 g kg- levels. Averge E.E vlues of different tretments were.9 eing the est for roilers fed lk umin nd turmeri t g kg nd.7 for hiks fed the ontrol diet wheres the poorest vlue 0.83, 0.79 reorded from fenugreek nd 2 g kg, respetively. Aording to the input-output nlysis, the higher (REE) were reorded y the hiks fed 339
Advn. Biol. Res., 0 (5): 335-344, 206 g kg lk umin nd turmeri diet group, followed y The lower ody weight gin reorded during 0-42-dy hiks fed 2 g turmeri nd lk umin kg of diet group, experimentl period (85.36 g) from fenugreek diet respetively. ontin 2 g kg whih ould e ttriute to dereses in T3 due to inhiition of triiodothyronine prodution y DISCUSSION fenugreek seed [38]. Although, the nti-nutritionl ftors onstitute in fenugreek like tnnin, spononin nd The hemil nlysis result reveled tht fenugreek phytte. Tnnins use ind dietry protein nd digestive ontin the highest CP ontent The present result is in enzymes to form omplexes tht re not redily digestile greement with the findings of Nidu et l. [6] who [39]. While, phyttes potentilly form omplexes with reported 43.8 CP%. In ontrry, fenugreek hd the lowest minerls nd dietry proteins nd dereses their EE ontent whih ws similr to the findings of [7] who iovilility [40]. Chiks fed diets supplemented with reported tht 7.% rude ft. Kohhr et l. [8] nd El lk umin hs low feed intke ompred to ll the Nsri nd El-Tiny [7] reported tht ft, protein nd fier tretments diets nd ontrol groups (see tle 4). This is ontent of fenugreek seeds rnged from 6.53% to 7.%, in greement with As nd Ahmed [30] who mentioned 24.4% to 25.8% nd 6.28% to 9.3%, respetively. Al- tht, ddition of or 2 g kg ground lk umin to the Jsss nd Al-Jsser [9] lso reported tht lk roiler diet signifintly deresed feed intke. Similrly, umin hd 30 40% ft, 20 30% CP nd 3.7 4.7% sh. Durrni et l. [4] notied tht signifintly lower feed Wheres ording to the study of [20, 2] determined onsumption ourred s the result of offering lk 288.5 298.4 g kg CP ontent nd 33.-89.7 g kg CF umin to roilers t the rte of 40g/kg. ontent in lk umin mel, respetively. Bsvrj et l. A similr result ws otined y Hlle et l. [42] who [22] lso reported tht CP, rude ft, CF nd sh explined tht the ddition of essentil oil from lk ontents of turmeri were 6.72, 5.04, 3.96 nd 7.72%, umin ffeted feed intke in roilers. Furthermore, respetively. The results of the urrent study were not turmeri nd 2g kg in the sl diet do not hve similr with the previous study tht might e due to signifine differene in feed intke. This figure differenes in mny ftors like lotion (soil type, orresponds with Mondl et l. [26], reported tht ltitude), plnt strins (speies nd vrieties), ulture turmeri 0.5, nd.5% inlusion in the roiler diet do not mngement nd differenes in extrtion nd nlyzing hve effet in feed intke. In former study y Wuthimethodology. udomler et l.[43] nd Durrni et l. [44] lso oserved The effet of supplementing turmeri t oth level less feed onsumption in turmeri feed t 5g kg of resulted no hnge in LBW nd BWG. This is in roilers diets. The present study finding in ontrditory greement with the findings of [23-26] who reported with Al-jleel [45] nd Mondl et l. [26] result tht tht roilers fed on turmeri 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 or, 0 nd turmeri diet group hd high feed intke ompre to the 20% level, respetively hs no effet on live BW. ontrol diet group. Similrly, [27, 28, 29] reported tht dietry turmeri hd no Wheres, hiks fed on diets supplemented with hnge in LBW nd BW gin of roiler hikens. fenugreek onsumed signifintly more feed. sme report The urrent study in greement with As nd presented y different reserhers [46, 47, 35] reported Ahmed [30] who reported tht the lk umin.5% hd tht fenugreek seeds supplemented diet signifintly no effet on BW nd BW gin. Similrly, Al-Mufrrej [3], inresed feed intke vlue during 42 dys of ge, while exhiited non-signifint differenes in LBW etween 7%, there ppered no signifint differenes during the 2.4%, 2.% or 2.8% lk umin treted groups ompred dys of ge s ompred with ontrol group. to the ontrol group. While, Ashyerizdeh et l. [32] The improvement in feed intke with the ddition of reported lk umin exhiited higher BW gin ompred fenugreek in the present study ould e ttriuted to the to the grli nd ontrol diet group. rohydrtes nd their min omponent (gltomnnn) The urrent study is omprle with As, [33] whih stimulted the ppetizing nd digestive proess in who reported tht onsuming fenugreek seed did not- nimls. The inresed FCR in the lk umin nd signifintly ffet LBW nd BW gin reltive to the turmeri treted irds were in greement with the reports ontrol roiler diet. Conversely, [34-37]find out hiks fed of Guler et l. [48] who reported n improved FCR vlue on % fenugreek powder for 38, 5 nd 42 dys, of irds treted with g kg lk umin seeds t the ge respetively reorded signifintly the heviest BW nd of to 42 dys. The effet of feeding different levels of BWG ompred to the ontrol groups. lk umin on the performne of roiler hiks, (20, 30 340
Advn. Biol. Res., 0 (5): 335-344, 206 nd 40 gm/kg feed). The results reveled tht level 40 espeilly in higher level enountered with dirrhe. This gm/kg feed hd signifintly higher weight gin, with ould e ttriuted y mximum onentrtion of sponin lowest feed intke nd etter feed effiieny nd nd lkloids, whih re one of the nti-nutritionl ftors signifintly higher dressing perentge s ompred to present in the fenugreek. Also, through the experimentl the ontrol [4]. Similrly, Khn et l. [49] found out 2.5 period supplementing fenugreek use hiken ody to nd 5.0%, lk umin seed groups hd signifintly smell mple syrup (d odour). This is due to metolite improve feed onversion effiieny thn the ntiiotis lled sotolon nd the lkloids (trigonelline). Mortlity nd ontrol. Also, lk umin oil nd lk umin seed in ws deteted only from hert filure, whih frequently roiler diet improved feed onversion [50, 5, 32]. oserved in rpid growing of roilers. The prmount FCR exhiited in turmeri 2g kg followed g kg, treted groups wheres the poorer FCR Eonomi Effiieny: Eonomil effiieny is defined s shown in fenugreek nd 2 g kg group roilers. Broilers the net revenue per unit feed ost lulted from input tht reeived diet with 0.4 nd 0.5% of turmeri powder output nlysis s desried y Hssn et l. [57]. The utilized their diets more effiiently thn the ontrol group verges of improvement ompred to the ontrol diet due [36, 43, 44, 45 nd 52]. lso Mondl et l. [26] reported tht to feeding studied nturl feed dditives rnged etween supplementtion of turmeri powder t the 0.5 nd.5% 23.93-63.25% for lk umin t 2g kg, turmeri nd hs signifint effet on FCR when ompre to the ontrol lk umin t g kg, respetively. Moreover, etter diet group. REE lso reorded from turmeri 2g kg (56.4%) whih This higher FCR in turmeri group is due to the tive is superior reltive eonomil thn the ontrol, lk gent urumin whih is responsile for the inresed ile umin 2g kg nd the fenugreek groups dietry diet id seretion [53, 54]. Correspondingly, Pltel nd groups. Srinivsn [55] oserved tht urumin promote These differenes in reltive eonomi effiieny pnreti digestive enzymes suh s lipse, mylse nd (REE) showed tht diet ontined mediinl plnt with proteses, whih ply importnt roles in the digestion suh levels were more eonomil thn the ontrol diet proess. Moreover, Pltel nd Srinivsn, [56] oserved nd ould e used eonomil s growth promoters. n enhned digestion nd redution in feed pssge These improvements ould e ttriuted to the etter time in the digestive trt s result of urumin. findings otined either in growth performne, feed In ontrry fenugreek group show the lowest feed utiliztion of roilers or reduing the mount of feed effiieny this is euse fenugreek ontins required to produe BW gin. These results gree with fenugreekine, steroidl spogenin peptide ester hs finding of [5, 58-62] who reported tht the inlusion hypoglyemi properties. It is shown to dely gstri levels of herl feed dditives in diets reorded the lest emptying, slow rohydrte sorption nd inhiit ost/kg gin nd the highest perent of eonomi gluose trnsport. Contrstingly the improvement in feed effiieny ompred with tht of the un-supplemented effiieny in lk umin nd turmeri tretment diets it diet. my e due to optimum ntioxidnt tivity, stimulte, digestion nd ntiteril properties of oth lk umin CONCLUSION nd turmeri powder treted irds t oth levels. The effet of the nturl dditive tretments on Considering the results otined in the urrent study performne through the experimentl period nd it ould e onluded tht dietry inlusion of lk mesured prmeters re oviously vrile. This my e umin nd turmeri my not inrese feed onsumption ttriutle to differenes in mediinl plnt growing nd BW gin in roiler hikens, ut hs the potentil to lotion, plnt speies, environment, omposition of the improve feed effiieny. Nevertheless, dietry lk umin vrious phytogeni dditives nd the onentrtions of nd turmeri supplementtion (g kg ) might e the tive sustnes nd their iologil tivity, eptle for hieving optimum roilers performne, respetively. feed utiliztion nd revenue ost rtio. Therefore, they ould e used s eonomil nturl growth Mortlity: In the present study only one ird from ontrol promoter. However, further studied re needed to nd one from 2% dietry fenugreek group were died hrterize the mediinl plnts with regrd to their mode during the entire experimentl period nd no tretment of tion of nutrient digestiility, mino id profile nd relted dverse effet ws deteted, exept fenugreek ontent of nti-nutritionl require more in-depth group exhiit dirrhe t the eginning of the feeding tril hrteriztion. 34
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