Moringa olifera Leaf Meal as an Alternative Protein Feed Ingredient in Broiler Ration

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 12 (5): , 2013 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2013 Moring olifer Lef Mel s n Alterntive Protein Fee Ingreient in Broiler Rtion Etlem Tesfye, Gethew Animut, Mengistu Urge n Telle Dessie 1 Dere Zeit Agriulturl Reserh Center, P.O.Box 32, Dere Zeit, Ethiopi Shool of Animl n Rnge Sienes, Hrmy University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dw, Ethiopi 3 Interntionl Livestok Reserh Institute (ILRI), Ais A, Ethiopi 2 Astrt: A totl of 300 Hur Clssi y-ol roiler hiks were rnomly istriute into 15 pens eqully, representing 5 feeing tretments to evlute the performne of hiks fe vrying ietry levels of Moring Olifer Lef Mel (MOLM) repling soyen mel (SBM) up to the ge of 56 ys. Tretments were inlusion of MOLM t 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 10 (T3), 15 (T4) n 20% (T5). Four irs 2 from eh sex were rnomly selete from eh replition for rss evlution t the en of the stuy. From the sme irs use for rss evlution, loo ws tken for serum Totl Cholesterol (TC) n Totl Protein (TP) etermintion. The rue protein ontent of MOLM ws 28%. Dily Dry Mtter (DM) intke uring the entire experimentl perio rnge 54 to 75 g/ir n ws greter (P<0.05) for T1 thn T3 n T5. Dily oy weight gin for the entire experimentl perio were 29, 25, 22, 22 n 17g (SEM = 1.0) for T1, T2, T3, T4 n T5, respetively n vlues were greter for T1 s ompre to T3, T4 n T5 ut similr (P>0.05) with T2. Replement of MOLM for SBM lowere (P<0.05) yiel of most prmeters suh s resse weight, eviserte weight, rest weight, thigh weight, rumstik weight n gilet weight. ifferenes were signifint in rumstik weight n rumstik n thigh perentges with greter vlues for mles thn femles. Conversely, eviserte perentge ws greter (P<0.05) for femles thn mles. Levels of TC n TP were greter for T3 thn T1, T4 n T5 (P<0.05). However, ifferenes in TC n TP levels ue to sex were not signifint (P>0.05). Depening on the proution prmeters mesure, MOLM n e sustitute to SBM in roilers iet up to level of 5% inlusion in the totl rtion without negtive effet on iologil performne. Levels of MOLM sustitution to SBM of 10-20% ppere to reue growth rte ut i not hve n verse effet on the helth of irs, initing the potentil of the plnt s n lterntive fee ingreient in poultry feeing. Key wors: Broiler, rss, lef mel, Moring olifer INTRODUCTION In ommeril roiler proution system, profit n e mximize y minimizing fee ost whih ounts the mjor ost of roiler proution. The ulk of the fee ost rises from protein onentrtes suh s Soyen Mel (SBM), grounnut ke n fish mel. Pries of these onventionl protein soures hve sore so high in reent times tht it is eoming uneonomil to use them in poultry fees. There is nee therefore, to look for lolly ville n hep soures of fee ingreients. One possile soure of hep protein is the lef mel of tropil legumes. Mny stuies hve een onute using vrious soures of lef mel proteins for roilers (Iheukwumere et l., 2008; Wue n Berhn, 2009; Onyimonyi et l., 2009). Lef mels o not only serve s soure of protein ut lso provies some neessry vitmins, minerls n oxyrotenois (D Mello et l., 1987; Opr, 1996). One plnt tht n serve s soure of lef mel in the iet of poultry is Moring olifer tree (Kkengi et l., 2007; Olugemi et l., 2010). Moring oleifer tree hs proly een one of the most unerutilize tropil plnts. Moring Olifer Lef Mel (MOLM) is nturl soure of protein with gret potentil. Stuies revele tht MOLM hs reltively high ontent of rue protein of up to 28% (Olugemi et l., 2010) n low nti-nutritionl ftors (Mkkr n Beker, 1997). Kkengi et l. (2003) evlute n ompre nutritive vlue of ifferent morphologil omponents of Moring oleifer in Tnzni n note tht the lef to hve high pepsin n totl solule protein thn other prts of the plnt. The stuy of Kkengi et l. (2007) suggeste tht MOLM oul reple sunflower see mel n n e e up to 20% in lyers rtion. The stuy y Olugemi et l. (2010) inite tht MOLM possesses hypoholesterolemi properties n its inlusion in lyers iets oul filitte reutions in egg holesterol ontent. Knowlege on the feeing vlue of MOLM for roilers woul thus ply tremenous role in the future formultion of eonomil rtion n in riging the gp of protein fee supply to suh niml speies. The Corresponing Author: Etlem Tesfye, Dere Zeit Agriulturl Reserh Center, P.O.Box 32, Dere Zeit, Ethiopi 289

2 Int. J. Poult. Si., 12 (5): , 2013 present stuy ws thus onute to investigte the performne of roilers fe vrying ietry levels of MOLM repling SBM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimentl rtions n tretments: The experiment ws onute t Dere Zeit Agriulturl Reserh Center (DZARC), lote t n ltitue of 1900 meters ove se level n t 08044' N ltitue n 380, 38 E longitue. The verge nnul rinfll n verge mximum n minimum temperture for the re re 1100 mm n 28.3 C n 8.9 C, respetively (DZARC (Dere Zeit Agriulturl Reserh Center), 2003). The fee ingreients use in the formultion of the ifferent experimentl rtions for the stuy were orn grin, whet miling, noug see ke, SBM, MOLM, vitmin premix, slt, limestone n ilium phosphte. Lef ws hrveste from young Moring olifer tree of out two yers of ge from n orhr. The ut rnhes from the tree were spre out on onrete floor n llowe to ry for perio of 3 ys uner she n erte onitions. The leves were then seprte from the twigs efore milling in hmmer mill sieve size of 5 mm to proue the lef mel. All the ingreients exept SBM, whet miling, vitmin premix n ilium phosphte were lso mille in sieve size of 5 mm n store until require for the formultion of experimentl rtions. Chemil omposition of the mjor fee ingreients (Tle 1) ws etermine from representtive smples of orn grin, noug see ke, whet miling, SBM n MOLM. Bse on the hemil nlysis result, five tretment rtions ontining MOLM t levels of 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 10 (T3), 15 (T4) n 20% (T5) of the totl rtion t the expense of SBM were formulte. The rtions were formulte to e nerly isolori n isonitrogenous (Tle 2) with Metolizle Energy (ME) ontent of 3000 kl/kg DM n CP ontent of 22% for the strter phse (1 to 28 ys of ge) n ME ontent of 3200 kl/kg DM n CP ontent of 20% for the finisher phse (29 to 56 ys of ge). Mngement of experimentl irs: Three hunre unsexe y ol Hur Clssi roiler hiks with initil oy weight of 42.32±1.53 g (men±sd) were rnomly ivie into five ietry tretments n three replitions per tretment in ompletely rnomize esign experiment, thus hving 20 hiks per replite or pen. The irs were vinte ginst Newstle (HB1 t y 7 n Lsot ooster ose t y 21) n Infetious Bursl Disese (Gumoro) t the ge of 10 ys, ll given through n eye rop. Other helth preutions n snitry mesures were lso tken throughout the stuy perio. Before the ommenement of the tul experiment, the experimentl pens, wtering n feeing troughs were thoroughly lene, isinfete n sprye ginst externl prsites. The hiks were rooe using 250 wtt infrre eletri uls with grul height justment s soures of het n light in eep litter house overe with Teff strw mixe with swust litter mteril. Fee ws offere liitum n len tp wter ws ville ll the time throughout the experiment. Mesurements: The experimentl perio lste 56 ys. The mount of fee offere n refuse per pen ws reore ily. The mount of fee onsume ws etermine s the ifferene etween the fee offere n refuse. Fee offere n refuse were smple ily per pen n poole per tretment for the entire experimentl perio for hemil nlysis. Birs were weighe weekly in group per pen n pen verge ws lulte. Boy Weight (BW) hnge ws lulte s the ifferene etween the finl n initil BW. Averge ily BW gin (ADG) ws lulte s BW hnge ivie y the numer of experimentl ys. Dry mtter onversion effiieny ws ompute s the rtio of ADG per ily DM onsumption. Mortlity ws registere s it ourre n generl helth sttus ws monitore throughout the experiment. At the en of the experiment, 4 rnomly selete irs 2 mle n 2 femle from eh replition were strve for 12 hours, weighe immeitely efore slughter n exsnguinte y severing the nek. After slughtering, the irs were ry e-fethere y hn pluking. Birs were eviserte n rss uts n non-eile offl omponents were etermine oring to the Tle 1: Chemil omposition of fee ingreients use to formulte the experimentl rtions Corn Noug Whet Nutrients grin see ke miling SBM MOLM DM (%) CP (% DM) CF (% DM) EE (% DM) Ash (% DM) ME (kl/kg DM) Clium (% DM) Phosphorus (% DM) Bet-rotene (mg/100 g) CP: Crue protein; CF: Crue fier; DM: Dry mtter; EE: Ether extrt; ME: Metolizle energy; MOLM: Moring olifer lef mel; SBM: Soyen mel. 290

3 Int. J. Poult. Si., 12 (5): , 2013 Tle 2: Proportion of ingreients use in formulting roiler strter n finisher rtions n hemil omposition of tretment rtions Tretment T1 T2 T3 T4 T Ingreients (%) Strter Finisher Strter Finisher Strter Finisher Strter Finisher Strter Finisher Corn grin Whet miling Noug see ke SBM MOLM Vitmin premix* Slt Limestone Dilium phosphte Totl Nutrient Contents DM (%) CP (% DM) CF (% DM) EE (% DM) Ash (% DM) ME (kl/kg DM) C (% DM) P (% DM) MOLM: Moring olifer lef mel; SBM: Soyen mel. T1 = Rtion ontining 0% MOLM. T2 = Rtion ontining 5% MOLM. T3 = Rtion ontining 10% MOLM. T4 = Rtion ontining 15% MOLM. T5 = Rtion ontining 20% MOLM. *Vitmin premix = 50 kg ontins, Vit A IU, Vit D IU, Vit E mg, Vit K3 225 mg, Vit B1 125 mg, Vit B2 500 mg, Vit B mg, Vit B6 125 mg, Vit B12 1 mg, Vit pp (Niin) mg, Foli i, 100 mg, Choline hlorie mg, Anti-oxint (BTHT) 0.05%, Mngnese 0.60%, Zin 0.70%, Iron 0.45%, Copper 0.05%, Soium 0.01%, Selenium, 0.004%, Clium 2.7%; DM: Dry mtter; CP: Crue protein; CF: Crue fier; EE: Ether extrt; ME: Metolizle energy; C: Clium; P: Phosphorous. proeure esrie y Kuen et l. (1974). Dresse Lortory nlysis: Fee ingreients n smples of rss weight ws mesure fter the removl of fee offere n refusl of the formulte iets from the loo n fether n the ressing perentge respetive tretments were nlyze for Dry Mtter (DM), lulte s the proportion of resse rss weight Crue Fier (CF), Totl Ash (TA), Ether Extrt (EE) n to slughter weight multiplie y 100. Eviserte Kjelhl Nitrogen (N) (AOAC (Assoition of Offiil rss weight ws etermine fter removing loo, Anlytil Chemists), 1998). The CP ws then fether, lower leg (shnk), he, kiney, lungs, etermine y multiplying N y Clium n totl pnres, rop, proventriulus, smll intestine, lrge phosphorus ontent were etermine y tomi intestine, e n urogenitl trts from resse sorption n vno-molyte metho, respetively rss. The eviserte perentge ws then (AOAC (Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chemists), etermine s the proportion of the eviserte weight 1998) n et-rotene y spetrophotometer (AOAC to slughter weight multiplie y 100. From eviserte (Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chemists), 1998). rss weight rumstik, thigh n rest met were Metolizle Energy (ME) ontent of the experimentl seprte n weighe, then their weight were ivie iets ws etermine oring to Wisemn (1987) s: y slughter weight n multiplie y 100 to etermine perentge weights of eh omponent. Ft roun the ME (kl/kg DM) = EE-88.7CF-40.80Ash proventriulus n gizzr n ginst the ominl wll n the loe were ollete n weighe n ft The hemil omposition nlysis of rest n thigh perentge ws lulte s the proportion of musles without skin ws rrie out. The fresh slughter weight. The eile offl whih inlues the smples of rest n thigh musles were seprtely hert, gizzr n liver, were weighe n expresse in mine, rie n homogenize n nlyze for DM, reltion to slughter weight. CP, ft, sh, C n P (AOAC (Assoition of Offiil From the sme irs use for rss evlution, loo Anlytil Chemists), 1998). Serum totl holesterol n ws tken for serum Totl Cholesterol (TC) n Totl totl protein ssy were one using holesterol n Protein (TP) etermintion. Bloo smples were protein liquor ommeril kit mnufture y Humn ollete y inserting sterile neele into the wing vein Dignostis Worlwie se on CHOD-PAP metho of the irs n extrting out 1 ml of loo. The (Lieermnn, 1985). smples were then ple insie plin vutiners n entrifuge t 4000 rpm for 2 minutes in orer to Sttistil nlysis: Dt were nlyze using the seprte the serum. The ollete ser were store t generl liner moel proeures of Sttistil Anlysis -20 C pening nlysis. Systems softwre (SAS, 2002), with the moel 291

4 Int. J. Poult. Si., 12 (5): , 2013 Tle 3: Dry mtter intke, oy weight hnge, fee onversion effiieny n mortlity rte of roilers fe rtion ontining ifferent levels of Moring olifer lef mel Tretment Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 SEM DMI (g/ir) Strter Finisher Entire experiment IBW (g/ir) FBW (g/ir) Strter Finisher BW hnge (g/ir) Strter Finisher Entire experiment ADG (g/y) Strter Finisher Entire experiment DMCE (g ADG/g DMI) Strter Finisher Entire experiment Mortlity rte Mens within row with ifferent supersripts iffer signifintly (P<0.05); SEM: Stnr error of the men; ADG: Averge ily oy weight gin; BW: Boy weight; IBW: Initil BW; FBW: Finl BW; DMCE: Dry mtter onversion effiieny; DMI: Dry mtter intke; MOLM: Moring olifer lef mel; SBM: Soyen mel. T1 = Rtion ontining 0% MOLM. T2 = Rtion ontining 5% MOLM. T3 = Rtion ontining 10% MOLM. T4 = Rtion ontining 15% MOLM. T5 = Rtion ontining 20% MOLM. Tle 4: Crss omponents of roilers fe rtion ontining ifferent levels of Moring olifer lef mel Tretments Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 SEM Mle Femle SEM Slughter weight (g) Dresse weight (g) Dressing perentge Eviserte weight (g) Eviserte perentge Brest weight (g) Brest perentge Thigh weight (g) Thigh perentge Drumstik weight (g) Drumstik perentge Gilet weight (g) Ft perentge Mens within row n within tretment or sex with ifferent supersripts iffer signifintly (P<0.05); SEM: Stnr error of the men; MOLM: Moring olifer lef mel; SBM: Soyen mel. T1 = Rtion ontining 0% MOLM. T2 = Rtion ontining 5% MOLM. T3 = Rtion ontining 10% MOLM. T4 = Rtion ontining 15% MOLM. T5 = Rtion ontining 20% MOLM. ontining tretments for t other thn rss of the ingreients use in this stuy. Bet rotene hrteristis n serum prmeters tht were ontent of MOLM is quite high. The five tretment rtions nlyze with moel ontining tretments n sex. were nerly isonitrogenous n isolori (Tle 2). Differenes etween tretment mens were seprte Averge DM intke, BW hnges, Averge Dily Gin using Tukey Krmer test. (ADG), Dry Mtter Conversion Effiieny (DMCE) n mortlity rte of hiks re presente in Tle 3. Replement of MOLM for SBM resulte in signifint (P<0.05) epression in strter verge DM intke t RESULTS The CF n EE ontents of MOLM re omprle to tht of SBM (Tle 1). The CP ontent of MOLM ws 28% n the lef mel hs greter totl sh ontent thn the rest MOLM levels of 10-20%, while vlues for T2 (5%) ws similr (P>0.05) with tht of T1. During the finisher 292

5 Int. J. Poult. Si., 12 (5): , 2013 Tle 5: Weight n length of gut prts of roilers fe rtion ontining ifferent levels of Moring olifer lef mel Tretment Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 SEM Mle Femle SEM Esophgus weight (g) Crop weight (g) Proventriulus weight (g) Smll intestine weight (g) Lrge intestine weight (g) Ce weight (g) Esophgus length (m) Crop length (m) Proventriulus length (m) Smll intestine length (m) Lrge intestine length (m) Ce length (m) Leg length (m) Mens within row n within tretment or sex with ifferent supersripts iffer signifintly (P<0.05); SEM: Stnr error of the men; MOLM: Moring olifer lef mel; SBM: Soyen mel. T1 = Rtion ontining 0% MOLM. T2 = Rtion ontining 5% MOLM. T3 = Rtion ontining 10% MOLM. T4 = Rtion ontining 15% MOLM. T5 = Rtion ontining 20% MOLM. Tle 6: Chemil omposition of rest musle of roilers fe rtion ontining ifferent levels of Moring olifer lef mel Tretment Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 SEM Mle Femle SEM Moisture (%) Ash (%) CP (%) EE (%) C (ppm) P (ppm) Mens within row n within sex with ifferent supersripts iffer signifintly (P<0.05); SEM: Stnr error of the men; C: Clium; CP: Crue protein; DM: Dry mtter; EE: Ether extrt; P: Phosphorus; MOLM: Moring olifer lef mel; SBM: Soyen mel. T1 = Rtion ontining 0% MOLM. T2 = Rtion ontining 5% MOLM. T3 = Rtion ontining 10% MOLM. T4 = Rtion ontining 15% MOLM. T5 = Rtion ontining 20% MOLM. Tle 7: Chemil omposition of thigh musle of roilers fe rtion ontining ifferent levels of Moring olifer lef mel Tretment Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 SEM Mle Femle SEM Moisture (%) Ash (%) CP (%) EE (%) C (ppm) P (ppm) Mens within row n within tretment or sex with ifferent supersripts iffer signifintly (P<0.05); SEM: Stnr error of the men; C: Clium; CP: Crue protein; DM: Dry mtter; EE: Ether extrt; P: Phosphorus; MOLM: Moring olifer lef mel; SBM: Soyen mel. T1 = Rtion ontining 0% MOLM. T2 = Rtion ontining 5% MOLM. T3 = Rtion ontining 10% MOLM. T4 = Rtion ontining 15% MOLM. T5 = Rtion ontining 20% MOLM. phse, DM intke ws lower for T5 thn T1, while other T3, T4 n T5 were similr (P>0.05). Dry mtter mens were similr (P>0.05) mong eh other. onversion effiieny (DMCE) ws ffete only in the Averge DM intke for the entire experimentl perio strter phse (P<0.05) n vlue for T1 n T2 ws ws greter (P<0.05) for T1 thn T3 n T5. greter thn tht of T5, while other mens were similr to Finl BW, BW hnge n ADG uring the strter phse eh other. Mortlity rte rnge from n ws ws in the orer of T1>T2>T4>T5, while vlues for T3 ws not signifintly vrile (P>0.05) mong tretments. similr with T2 n T4 ut less thn T1 n greter thn Moring olifer lef mel replement for SBM in T5. Finl BW uring the finisher phse n BW hnge roilers rtion resulte in lower rss yiel n ADG uring the finisher phse n the entire hrteristis in most prmeters onsiere (Tle experimentl perio h similr tren n were 4). The slughter weight, resse weight, eviserte greter for T1 n T2 s ompre to T5, while vlues for weight, rest weight, thigh weight, rumstik weight 293

6 Int. J. Poult. Si., 12 (5): , 2013 Tle 8: Serum totl holesterol n serum totl protein levels of roilers fe rtion ontining ifferent levels of Moring olifer lef mel Tretment Prmeters T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 SEM Mle Femle SEM Cholesterol level (mg/l) Protein level (g/l) Mens within row n within tretment with ifferent supersripts iffer signifintly (P<0.05); SEM: Stnr error of the men; MOLM: Moring olifer lef mel; SBM: Soyen mel. T1 = Rtion ontining 0% MOLM. T2 = Rtion ontining 5% MOLM. T3 = Rtion ontining 10% MOLM. T4 = Rtion ontining 15% MOLM. T5 = Rtion ontining 20% MOLM. n gilet weight were lower (P<0.05) in irs tht reeive ietry MOLM thn those in T1. Slughter weight, resse weight n rumstik weight ws greter (P<0.05) for T2 n T3 thn T5 mong irs tht reeive ietry MOLM, while vlues for T4 ws similr with T2, T3 n T5. Eviserte n thigh weights were greter (P<0.05) for T2 thn T5, with vlues for T3 n T4 eing similr with T2 n T5. Brest weight ws in the orer of T2>T4>T5 with vlues for T3 eing similr with T2 n T4 ut less thn T1. Dresse n eviserte, thigh n rumstik perentges were unffete y tretment (P>0.05). Brest perentge ws in the orer of T1 = T2 = T3>T4>T5 (P<0.05). Differenes etween sexes were not signifint in most rss prmeters mesure in this stuy. ifferenes were signifint in rumstik weight n rumstik n thigh perentges with greter vlues for mles thn femles. Conversely, eviserte perentge ws greter (P<0.05) for femles thn mles. Weight n length of gstro intestinl trt prts re shown in Tle 5. With the exeption of el weight, ll other prmeters were signifintly ffete (P<0.05) y MOLM sustitution to SBM. Generlly, trens of hnge in the weight n length of the ifferent gut prts ws not onsistent in ll of the prmeters mesure. But in most prmeters vlues for T1 ws greter thn those for T5. The esophgus n the rop length in irs tht reeive ietry MOLM ppere to e reltively not well evelope. Weight of the smll intestine n length of proventriulus ws greter (P<0.05) for mles thn femles, while other prmeters were similr (P>0.05) etween the two sexes. The ontents of moisture, sh, CP, EE, C n P in the rest musle ws unffete (P>0.05) y MOLM inlusion in the iet (Tle 6). effet ws signifint only for the level of C in rest musle whih ws greter for femles thn the mles. The CP ontent of thigh musle ws greter for T4 thn T2 n T5, while other mens were similr to eh other (Tle 7). The ontents of moisture, sh, EE, C n P for the thigh musle were similr mong the ifferent iets (P>0.05). Similr to the rest musle, C ontent for the thigh musle were lso greter (P<0.05) for femles thn the mles. effet ws not signifint in other prmeters for the thigh musle. There ws signifint (P<0.05) ifferene mong tretments in serum totl holesterol n totl protein level (Tle 8) ue to repling SBM with MOLM. Levels of serum holesterol n totl proteins were greter for T3 thn T1, T4 n T5 (P<0.05). However, ifferenes in serum holesterol n protein levels ue to sex were not signifint (P>0.05). DISCUSSION The CF ontent of MOLM in the present stuy ws low s ompre to the 9-19% CF reporte for Moring stenopetl lef (Aer et l., 2009; Yisehk et l., 2011). The reltively low CF ontent of MOLM use in this stuy might e ue to the young ge t whih the lef ws hrveste. The CP level of MOLM in this stuy ws similr to the 27.5% reporte y Ouro et l. (2008). This mkes the lef to e rih soure of protein, ontining goo profile of mino is (Mkkr n Beker, 1997; Srwtt et l., 2002). The high minerl level in MOLM of this stuy ppere to e onsistent with tht note for ifferent ession of Moring stenopetl speies (Dehs et l., 2006). Mkkr n Beker (1996) reporte tht the lef of moring to e rih in rotene n sori i. As suh et rotene ontent of MOLM in the present stuy ws quite high, muh higher thn most green vegetles (Amin n Cheh, 2003). Generlly the five tretment rtions use in this stuy were nerly isonitrogenous n isolori n the nutrient ontents inluing C n P were within the reommene vlues for strter n finisher roiler iets (Leeson n Summers, 2005). Replement of MOLM for SBM t levels ove 5% ppere to epress fee intke in roilers in this stuy. This might e presumly ue to greter ontent of CF n C with inresing ietry levels of MOLM. In the urrent stuy, MOLM inlusion ppere to hve reltively inrese the CF n C ontents in oth the strter n finisher iets. Inrese CF, EE n C in poultry rtion is known to hiner protein n energy igestiility n epress fee intke s well s enzymti tivity tht ssist in rohyrte, protein n ft igestion (MDonl et l., 2002; Mirnwti et l., 2011). This suggests tht repling SBM with MOLM t higher proportions in the iet shoul e ompnie with low CF, C n ft ontining ietry ingreients for 294

7 Int. J. Poult. Si., 12 (5): , 2013 etter fee utiliztion. Aoring to some uthors (Ash Moring oleifer possesses hypoholesterolemi n Peti, 1992; Omekm, 1994), hikens o not et voluntrily fresh or rie legume leves n oul often show eline in their performne ue to the lk of ppetite when fe iet ontining high level of leves n for suh ietry ingreients pelleting the fee my inrese intke. However, in other stuies inrese ietry intke with MOLM sustitution to sunflower see mel (Kkengi et l., 2007) or to ssv se iets (Olugemi et l., 2010) hve een note. Consistent with the DM intke of roilers, finl oy weight n ily oy weight gin of roilers ws generlly epresse t levels ove 5% MOLM sustitution to SBM. This gree with the generl oservtions me y Olugemi et l. (2010) tht note reue growth performne t inlusion level of Moring olifer lef mel ove 5-10% in roiler iets. Similrly, Iheukwumere et l. (2008) suggeste up to 5% level of ssv lef mel ietry inlusion without ny verse effet on roiler performne. The epression in growth with inrese MOLM inlusion level gree with the generl similr oservtions note efore with lef mel inlusion in the iet of poultry (Ash n Akoh, properties n its inlusion in the iet of lyers is thought to reue egg holesterol ontent. But, this stuy file to note the hypoholesterolemi properties of MOLM in the serum of roilers n ifferenes in serum holesterol levels oserve mong tretments in the urrent stuy lk n pprent tren. Aoring to Ronelli et l. (2003) femle irs h ftter skin ut less holesterol thn mles ut serum holesterol levels in this stuy ws similr for the two sexes. Totl serum protein hs een reporte s n inition of the protein retine in the niml oy (Akinol n Aiol, 1991; Esonu et l., 2001). The reltively greter totl serum protein ontent of roilers reeiving ietry MOLM might e n inition of the goo protein ontent n/or qulity of the lef mel. Though Moring oleifer hs een lime to oost immune systems (Fuglier, 1999), suh property of the plnt most likely might e ontine n restrite to the pos whih possesses letin, sustne tht moultes the oy efense system (Jyvrhnn et l., 1994). Kkengi et l. (2007) reporte non verse effet on mortlity rte of irs reeiving ietry MOLM 1992; Opr, 1996), even when mize oil ws use to similr to the present results. The generl nonsignifine ifferene of the mortlity ross tretments ompenste for the low metolizle energy vlue of the lef mel (Opr, 1996). However, up to 24% might e initive tht the experimentl iets were inlusion level of MOLM in the iet of growing inigenous proportiontely suffiient in supplying omprle Senegl hiken with no negtive impt on oy mounts of nutrients tht might hve prevente helth weight, verge ily weight gin n fee onversion prolems n might e lso n inition for the lk of nti-nutrients in MOLM t levels tht my inue helth rtio ws reporte (Ayssiwee et l., 2011). prolems. Moring olifer lef mel sustitutions for SBM in Generlly, there ws pronoune intense yellowish roilers rtion reue yiel of most rss olortion of the ek, legs, rss uts, ominl ft hrteristis in the urrent stuy whih ppere to e n fethers of roilers tht reeive ietry MOLM thn onsequene of reue fee intke n growth rte irs tht got no MOLM. This presumly my e ue to of the irs (Iheukwumere et l., 2007). The urrent the high ontent of et-rotene in MOLM. The yellow result is however, in ontrst to the finings of olor in the oy n prouts of roilers oserve in Ayssiwee et l. (2011) who reporte no verse effet this stuy is n inition of the effiient sorption n on rss uts ue to inlusion of MOLM up to 24% in utiliztion of the pigment xnthophyll present in MOLM. the iet of growing inigenous Senegl hiken. Similrly, Ayssiwee et l. (2011) oserve tht ietry effet ws signifint in eviserte perentge, thigh MOLM inlusion to hve proue yellow olortion of perentge, rumstik perentge n rumstik weight the skin n ominl ft of growing inigenous out of the mjor rss prmeters mesure in this hikens. The higher et-rotene ontent of MOLM n stuy. Previous stuies note femles to hve greter ply role in lyers rtion to proue yellow egg yolk tht proportion of rest thn mles (Ronelli et l., 2003) re emne y onsumers, lthough this ll for whih ws not the se in this stuy. However, similr further reserh. rest proportion etween sexes in line with the finings of this stuy ws lso reporte (Hornikov n As, 2009). Greter thigh perentge, rumstik weight n perentge for mles thn femles in this stuy is onsistent with similr other reports (Bogosvljevi et l., 2006, Ojepo et l., 2008). Ghsi et l. (2000) n Olugemi et l. (2010) reporte reution in serum holesterol level with inresing level of MOLM inlusion in the iet of rts n lyers, respetively. Similrly, Olugemi et l. (2010) note tht Conlusions: Depening on the proution prmeters mesure in this stuy, MOLM n e sustitute to SBM in roilers iet up to level of 5% inlusion in the totl rtion without negtive effet on iologil performne of irs. Levels of MOLM sustitution to SBM of 10-20% ppere to reue growth rte of roilers ut i not hve n verse effet on the helth of irs, initing the potentil of the plnt s lterntive fee ingreient in poultry feeing. 295

8 Int. J. Poult. Si., 12 (5): , 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The uthors re gretly inete to the Rurl Cpity Builing Projet (RCBP) through Ethiopin Institute of Agriulturl Reserh (EIAR) for funing this reserh n Dere Zeit Agriulturl Reserh Center (DZARC) for overing prt of the reserh ost. The poultry reserh se tem of DZARC is uly knowlege for their unreserve help uring the reserh work. REFERENCES Aer, M., B. Mihel n K. Holger, Evluting the nutritive vlues n in vitro egrility hrteristis of leves, sees n seepos from Moring stenopetl. J. Si. Foo Agr., 89: Akinol, A.O. n S.S. Aiol, Bloo hemistry n rss yiel of okerels fe melon husk iets. Trop. J. Anim. Si., 2: Amin, I. n S.F. Cheh, Determintion of vitmin C, $-rotene n rioflvin ontents in five green vegetles orgnilly n onventionlly grown. Ml. J. Nutr., 9: AOAC (Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chemists), Offiil Methos of Anlysis of AOAC Interntionl, 16th En., Virgini, USA. Ash, A.J. n L.A. Peti, Nutritionl vlue of Sesni grniflor leves for ruminnt n monogstris. Trop. Agri. (Trini), 69: Ayssiwee, S., A. Dieng, H. Bello, C. Chrysostome, M. Hne, A. Mnkor, M. Dhou, M. Houinto, J. Hornik n A. Missohou, Effets of Moring oleifer (Lm.) leves mel inorportion in iets on growth performnes, rss hrteristis n eonomis results of growing inigenous Senegl hikens. Pk. J. Nutr., 10: Bogosvljevi, S.B., V. Kurui, M.D. Petrovi n V. Rovi, The effet of sex n rering system on rss omposition n ut yiels of roiler hikens. Czeh J. An. Si., 51: Dehs, J., K. Soner, A. Llis, M. Ylemtshy n A. Anjulo, Lef yiel n nutritive vlue of Moring stenopetl n Moring oleifer essions: Its potentil role in foo seurity in onstrine ry frming groforestry system. Moring n Other Highly Nutritious Plnt Resoures: Strtegies, stnrs n mrkets for etter impt on nutrition in Afri Ar, Ghn, Novemer 16-18, D Mello, J., T. Amovi n A.G. Wlker, Evlution of leuen lef mel for roiler growth n pigmenttion. Trop. Agri. (Trini), 64: DZARC (Dere Zeit Agriulturl Reserh Center), Annul Reserh Report 2002/03, Ethiopin Institute of Agriulturl Reserh, Dere Zeit, Ethiopi. Esonu, B., O. Emenlom, A. Ueiie, U. Herert, C. Ekpor, I. Okoli n F. Iheukwumere, Performne n loo hemistry of wener pigs fe rw muun (Velvet en) mel. Trop. Anim. Pro., 4: Fuglier, L., The Mirle Tree: Moring oleifer, Nturl Nutrition for the Tropis. Churh Worl Servie, Dkkr, Senegl. Ghsi, S., E. Nwooo n J. Ofili, Hypoholesterolemi effets of rue extrt of lef of Moring oleifer Lm in high ft iet fe wistr rts. J. Ethnophrmol., 69: Hornikov, E. n K. As, Influene of low levels of protein n sex on rss trits n nutrient ontent in roiler mets. Slovk J. Anim. Si., 42: Iheukwumere, F., E. Nuuisi, E.A. Mzi n M.U. Onyekwere, Growth, loo hemistry n rss yiel of roilers fe ssv lef mel (Mnihot esulent Crntz). Int. J. Poul. Si., 6: Iheukwumere, F.C., E.C. Nuuisi, E.A. Mzi n M.U. Onyekwere, Performne, nutrient utiliztion n orgn hrteristis of roilers fe ssv lef mel (Mnihot esulent Crntz). Pk. J. Nutr., 7: Jyvrhnn, K.K., K. Suresh, K.R. Pnikkr n D.M. Vsuevn, Moulr poteny of rumstik letin on the host efense system. J. Exp. Clin. Cner Res., 13: Kkengi, A., M. Shem, S. Srwtt n T. Fujihr, Cn Moring oleifer e use s protein supplement to ruminnts? Asin. Aust. J. Anim. Si., 18: Kkengi, A., J. Kijge, S. Srwtt, S. Mutyo, M. Shem n T. Fujihr, Effet of Moring oleifer lef mel s sustitute for sunflower see mel on performne of lying hens in Tnzni. Livest. Res. Rurl Dev., 19. Kuen, L., F.J. When n F.N. Reee, Ftors influening the qulity of ominl ft in roilers. III. Fee n ietry levels. J. Poult. Si., 53: Leeson, S. n J.D. Summers, Commeril Poultry Nutrition. 3r En., Nottinghm University Press, Cn, Pges: 398. Lieermnn, C., Determintion of holesterol in loo serum. Chem. Ber., 18: Mkkr, H.P.S. n K. Beker, Nutritionl vlue n nti-nutritionl omponents of whole n ethnol extrte Moring oleifer leves. Ani. Fee Si. Tehnol., 63: Mkkr, H.P.S. n K. Beker, Nutrients n ntiqulity ftors in ifferent morphologil prts of the Moring oleifer tree. J. Agr. Si., 128: MDonl, P., R. Ewr, J.F. Greehlgn n C. Morgn, Animl Nutrition, 6th En., Ashfor Color Press, Gsport. 296

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