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CHAPTER PREVIEW Defining/Explaining Abnormal Behavior Anxiety-Related Disorders Mood-Related Disorders Suicide Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Health and Wellness Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-2
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Behavior that is deviant (atypical) maladaptive (dysfunctional) personally distressing (despair) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-3
THEORETICAL APPROACHES Biological Approach: Medical Model disorders with biological origins Psychological Approach experiences, thoughts, emotions, personality Sociocultural Approach social context Biopsychosocial Model interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-4
DSM-V CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Advantages provides a common basis for communication helps clinicians make predictions naming the disorder can provide comfort Disadvantages stigma (shame, negative reputation) medical terminology implies internal cause focus on weaknesses, ignores strengths Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-5
ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity over-diagnosed Diagnoses skyrocketed by 2000% from 1988 to 2010. traditionally considered a childhood disorder 2/3rds persist to adulthood Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-6
ANXIETY-RELATED DISORDERS uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder specific phobia social anxiety disorder Anxiety-related, but not DSM-5 anxiety disorders: obsessive-compulsive disorder post-traumatic stress disorder Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-7
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms persistent anxiety for at least 6 months inability to specify reasons for the anxiety Etiology biological factors - genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency, respiration psychological and sociocultural factors - harsh self-standards, critical parents, negative thoughts, trauma Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-8
PANIC DISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often occur without warning Etiology biological factors: genetic predisposition psychological factors: conditioning to CO2 sociocultural factors: gender differences Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-9
SPECIFIC PHOBIA Diagnosis and Symptoms an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation (e.g., spider phobia) Etiology psychological factors: learned biological factors: genetic disposition Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-10
EXAMPLES OF PHOBIC DISORDERS Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-11
SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations Etiology biological factors: genetic disposition neural circuitry serotonin psychological factors: over-protective / rejecting parenting social experiences Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-12
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation Etiology biological factors: genetic predisposition neurotransmitters psychological factors: avoidance learning Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-13
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms Symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or unnatural disasters Flashbacks avoidance of emotional experiences anxiety, excessive arousal difficulties with memory and concentration impulsive outbursts Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-14
MOOD-RELATED DISORDERS disturbance of mood that affects entire emotional state Symptoms may include cognitive, behavioral, or physical symptoms interpersonal difficulties Types major depressive disorder Mood-related but not DSM-5 mood disorder: bipolar disorder Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-15
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) Diagnosis and Symptoms significant depressive episode that lasts for at least two weeks daily functioning is impaired symptoms may include fatigue, sense of worthlessness, reduced interest appetite & sleep disturbance Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-16
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) Etiology biological factors: genetic disposition underactive prefrontal cortex regulation of neurotransmitters psychological factors: learned helplessness ruminating on negative, self-defeating thoughts pessimistic attribution sociocultural factors poverty gender differences Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-17
BIPOLAR DISORDER Bipolar I and Bipolar II Characterized by extreme mood swings that include mania Frequency and separation of episodes usually separated by 6 months to a year Etiology strong genetic component swings in metabolic activity in cerebral cortex levels of neurotransmitters Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-18
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS sudden loss of memory or change in identity Dissociation protection from extreme stress or shock problems integrating emotional memories Types dissociative amnesia dissociative identity disorder (DID) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-19
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Dissociative Amnesia individuals experience extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-20
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER Diagnosis and Symptoms the same individual possesses two or more distinct personalities each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and relationships only one personality is dominant at a time Etiology extraordinarily severe abuse in early childhood social contagion mostly women runs in families Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-21
SCHIZOPHRENIA highly disordered thought split from reality (psychotic) typically diagnosed in early adulthood high suicide risk Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-22
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Positive Symptoms hallucinations and delusions thought disorders disorders of movement Negative Symptoms flat affect Cognitive Symptoms attention difficulties and memory problems impaired ability to interpret information and make decisions Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-23
ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Biological Factors genetic predisposition structural brain abnormalities regulation of neurotransmitters Psychological Factors vulnerability-stress hypothesis Sociocultural Factors influence how disorder progresses Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-24
PERSONALITY DISORDERS chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns Antisocial Personality Disorder Diagnosis and Symptoms guiltless law-breaking, violence, deceit impulsive, irritable, reckless, irresponsible Etiology biological factors (genetic, brain, and ANS differences) Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-25
PERSONALITY DISORDERS Borderline Personality Disorder Diagnosis and Symptoms instability in interpersonal relationships & self-image impulsive, insecure, unstable & extreme emotions Etiology genetic childhood abuse irrational belief one is powerless, unacceptable, and that others are hostile Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-26
SUICIDE Prevalence over 38,000 in year 2010 twice as many suicides as homicides in U.S. 3rd leading cause of death in early adolescence Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-27
WHEN SOMEONE IS THREATENING SUICIDE DO... take it seriously. calmly ask simple questions. be a supportive listener. emphasize that the unbearable can be survived. stay with the person until help arrives. encourage to get professional help. Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-28
WHEN SOMEONE IS THREATENING SUICIDE DO NOT ignore the warning signs. refuse to talk about it. react with horror or disapproval. lecture judgmentally: You should be thankful offer false assurance everything will be alright. abandon the person once the crisis seems to have passed. Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-29
HEALTH AND WELLNESS Stereotypes and Stigma Rosenhan s study - fake psychiatric patients negative attitudes toward mentally ill physical health risk successfully functioning individuals with mental illness reluctant to come out Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-30
CHAPTER REVIEW Define the characteristics, explanations, and classifications of abnormal behavior. Distinguish amongst the various anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Compare disorders involving mood and emotion. Describe the dissociative disorders. Characterize schizophrenia. Identify the behavior patterns typical of personality disorders. Describe suicide and its risks. Explain how psychological disorders affect health, and describe how individuals with disorders can improve their quality of life. quality of life. Copyright 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 15-31