Body Regions Review The fundamental divisions of the human body Christine Sparks Anatomy / Physiology I Sept. 9, 2009 Anatomical Position Universal terms are used to describe the body accurately and result of this is that the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other. Anatomical position shows the body erect, head facing forward, arms hanging at the sides, palms facing outward with the thumbs pointing up and away from the body, and the feet are slightly apart pointing in the forward direction. The terms right and left refer to the sides of the person being viewed not those of the observer. Supine versus Prone Body in the supine, or facing up, position. Body in the prone, or facing down, position. Anatomical Planes A sagittal plane, being a plane parallel to the sagittal suture, divides the body into (left and right) portions. A coronal or frontal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and front, or posterior and anterior) portions. A transverse plane, also known as an axial plane or cross-section, divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions. 1
Directional terms help explain the relationship of the different body structures. TERM MEANING EXAMPLE ============================================================================= Anterior Closer to the front The knee cap is on the anterior side of the knee. Posterior Closer to the back The shoulder blades are posterior to the ribs. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Superior Closer to the head The heart is superior to the stomach. Inferior Closer to the feet The chest is inferior to the neck. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Medial Closer to the midline The big toe is medial to the 5th toe. Lateral Further from the midline The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Superficial Closer to the surface The skin is superficial to muscle. Deep Further from the surface The lungs are deep to the ribs. Organs in the Regions Digestive: prepares food molecules for use in the body Esophagus accepts food from the pharynx Stomach-reservoir storing food, passing it on to the intestines Liver- consists of two lobes, converts glucose into glycogen and detoxifies Pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum via pancreatic duct site where digestion is completed and virtually all absorption occurs Duodenum first part of the small intestine Colon regions of the large intestine; includes ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid Large intestine part of the digestive system most responsible for absorption of water from food; it includes the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal Cecum beginning of the large intestine; a pouch that connects the ileum with the ascending colon Ileum main function is to absorb vitamin B12; terminal part of the sm. intestine b/t the jejunum and the cecum Appendix a pouch connected to the cecum Gallbladder small pear-shaped organ that stores and concentrates bile; it is connected to the liver by the hypatic duct ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Proximal Closer to the trunk The hip is proximal to the knee. Distal Further from the trunk The wrist is distal to the elbow. Organs in the Regions Endocrine: ductless glands that secrete chemical signals, hormones, into the blood Thymus lymphoid organ and endocrine gland active in immunity response Hypothalamus area of the brain that produces hormones that controls homeostatsis Pituitary loc. beneath the brain and controls the functions of the other endocrine glands Pineal believed to be the time keeper of the biological clock and influences reproductive function Adrenal hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys Pancreas loc. Behind stomach, b/w the spleen and duodenum, produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions. (It has digestive and hormonal functions.) Ovaries female gonad; female reproductive organ in which eggs are produced Testes male gonad; male reproductive organ that t produces testosterone t t and located outside the body cavity in the scrotum Organs in the Regions Lymphatic : two most important functions of the lymphatic system are (1) maintenance of fluid balance in the internal environment and (2) immunity, protection of the body against both external and internal enemies, such as bacteria and abnormal cell growth Thymus primary organ of the lymphatic system consisting of two pyramid-shaped lobes loc. just behind the sternum. Provides an area for T-lymphocyte (group of white blood cells) maturation Spleen has many functions, including defense, formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis), and red blood cell and platelet destruction, and serves as a reservoir for blood Cisterna Chyli- the dilated part of the thoracic duct at its origin in the lumbar region 2
Organs in the Regions Urinary : system primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and removal of nitrogenous waste Kidney one of a pair located on the right/left side of the abdomen which clears toxins from the blood, regulates extra fluids, and produces urine; loc. retroperitoneal, behind the peritoneum (a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity) against the dorsal body wall Ureter a tube that carries urine down from the kidney to the bladder Urinary bladder muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine and contracts to expel from the body Four Body Quadrants The body is divided into four different quadrants: RUQ Right Upper Quadrant LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant RLQ Right Lower Quadrant LLQ Left Lower Quadrant Right Upper Quadrant - RUQ Part of the small intestine including the descending duodenum Upper ascending colon Most of the liver Gallbladder Bile ducts Head of pancreas Right adrenal gland Right kidney Upper part of right ureter Left Upper Quadrant - LUQ Ascending part of duodenum Upper descending colon Left half of transverse colon Spleen Small part of liver Left adrenal gland Upper part of left ureter Stomach 3
Right Lower Quadrant - RLQ Lower ascending colon Cecum Appendix Lower right ureter Ileum Part of Urinary bladder Sex Organs Left Lower Quadrant - LLQ Lower descending colon Small intestine (part of ileum) Lower part of left ureter Part of Urinary bladder Sex Organs Right Hypochondriac Region Liver Gall Bladder Ascending Colon Transverse Colon Right Kidney Excretory: Right Kidney Latin meanings: chondros = cartilage hypo + chondros = hypochondriac ( under cartilage) Epi = upon, above epi + gastric = epigastric (above stomach) hypo = under hypo + gastric = hypogastric (under stomach) gastric = stomach lumbus = loin umbilicus = navel iliac = superior part of the hip bone 4
Esophagus Stomach Liver Pancreas Transverse Colon Right & Left Adrenal Glands Pancreas Circulatory: Aorta Lymphatic: Spleen Epigastric Region Left Hypochondriac Region Stomach Liver (tip) Pancreas (tail of) Transverse Colon Descending Colon Pancreas Left Kidney Excretory: Left Kidney Lymphatic: Spleen Liver (tip) Gall Bladder Ascending Colon Right Kidney Excretory: Right Kidney Right Lumbar Region Stomach Pancreas Transverse Colon Pancreas Right & Left Kidneys Excretory: Right & Left Kidneys Right & Left Ureters Umbilical Region Lymphatic: Cisterna chyli 5
Descending Colon Left Kidney (tip) Excretory: Left Kidney (tip) Left Lumbar Region Appendix Cecum & Ascending Colon Right Ovary (Females) Reproductive: Female - Right Ovary Right Fallopian Tube Male - NONE Right Iliac Region Sigmoid Colon Rectum Right & Left Ovaries (Fem.) Excretory: Right & Left Ureters Urinary Bladder Reproductive: Female - Uterus Right & Left Ovaries Right & Left Fallopian Tubes Male - Vas Deferens Seminal Vessicle Prostate Hypogastric Region Descending Colon Sigmoid Colon Right Ovary (Females) Reproductive: Female - Left Ovary Left Fallopian Tube Male - NONE Left Iliac Region 6
Regional Terms Specific Body Areas Anterior view Regional Terms Specific Body Areas Posterior View Review Time! Question 1 When standing in the anatomical position, are the thumbs pointing medially (toward the midline) or laterally (away from the midline) 7
Laterally! The body in the anatomical position always shows the thumbs pointing in the lateral direction. ANSWER 1 Give the common name for the body part where you would wear a cervical collar. Question 2 The neck. The first, or upper seven, vertebrae of the upper spinal column make up the cervical vertebrae. ANSWER 2 Which quadrant would you find most of fthe liver? Question 3 8
ANSWER 3 Question 4 Right Upper Quadrant The majority of the stomach is located primarily in which of the nine abdominopelvic i regions? Left hypochondriac region ANSWER 4 Question 5 The urinary bladder is located in which of the abdominopelvic regions? 9
ANSWER 5 Question 6 Hypogastric region Fill in the blank with the correct directional term. The hands are to the elbows. The answer is. distal. The hands are further away from the body than the wrist. ANSWER 6 Question 7 Answer the following: The lumbar region is (lateral or medial) to the umbilical region? 10
Lateral. You will find the left and right lumbar region if you begin in the umbilical area and move laterally to the left or right. ANSWER 7 Is the liver located primarily to the left or right of the midline? Question 8 The liver is located to the right of the midline. Remember to see through the eyes of the patient when it comes to body orientation. ANSWER 8 Question 9 Which plane divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions? 11
ANSWER 9 Question 10 The transverse plane is a crosswise plane that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts. AKA: horizontal plane Can you name the 7 specific body regions that make-up the cephalic region? ANSWER 10 End of Review The 7 facial regions are: 1. frontal forehead 2. orbital eye 3. otic ear 4. buccal cheek 5. nasal nose 6. oral mouth 7. mental - chin 12