Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton Lecture Presentation by Lee Ann Frederick University of Texas at Arlington
An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes all bones besides axial skeleton The limbs The supportive girdles
Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 1 of 2). SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (see Figure 7 1) APPENDICULAR SKELETON Pectoral girdles 4 Clavicle Scapula 126 2 2 Humerus 2 Upper limbs 60 Radius 2 Ulna 2 Carpal bones 16 Metacarpal bones 10 Phalanges 28 Pelvic girdle 2 Hip bone 2
Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2). Femur 2 Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14 Metatarsal bones 10 Phalanges 28
8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Pectoral Girdle Also called shoulder girdle Connects the arms to the body Positions the shoulders Provides a base for arm movement Consists of: Two clavicles Two scapulae Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium
8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Clavicles Also called collarbones Long, S-shaped bones Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
Figure 8-2a The Right Clavicle. Scapula Clavicle Jugular notch a The position of the clavicle within the pectoral girdle, anterior view.
Figure 8-2b The Right Clavicle. Acromial end Sternal end LATERAL MEDIAL Facet for articulation with acromion b Superior view of the right clavicle.
Figure 8-2c The Right Clavicle. Acromial end Sternal facet LATERAL Cunoid tubercle Costal tuberosity MEDIAL Sternal end c Inferior view of the right clavicle. Stabilizing ligaments attach to the conoid tubercle and the costal tuberosity.
8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Also called shoulder blades Broad, flat triangles Articulate with arm and collarbone Anterior surface depression is subscapular fossa
Figure 8-3a The Right Scapula. Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Superior angle Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Body Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle a Anterior view
Figure 8-3b The Right Scapula. Supraglenoid tubercle Acromion Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity Lateral border Inferior angle b Lateral view
Figure 8-3c The Right Scapula. Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Neck Spine Body Infraspinous fossa Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle c Posterior view
8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Also called the arm The long, upper arm bone Articulates with the pelvic girdle
Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Radial fossa Lateral epicondyle Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea a Condyle Anterior surface
Figure 8-4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Trochlea b Posterior surface
Figure 8-4c The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Humerus Medial epicondyle Head of radius Trochlea Capitulum Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch of ulna c Elbow joint, anterior view
Figure 8-4d The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint. Humerus Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Olecranon Trochlea of humerus Head of radius Ulna d Elbow joint, posterior view
8-2 The Upper Limbs The Forearm Also called the antebrachium Consists of two long bones 1. Ulna (medial) 2. Radius (lateral)
8-2 The Upper Limbs The Radius Lateral bone of forearm Disk-shaped radial head above the neck Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches biceps Articulations of the radius Ulnar notch Distal end Articulates with wrist and ulna Styloid process Stabilizes wrist joint
Figure 8-5a The Right Radius and Ulna. Olecranon Proximal radioulnar joint Radial head Neck of radius Ulna Radius Interosseous membrane Ulnar head Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process of ulna a Posterior view Styloid process of radius
Figure 8-5b The Right Radius and Ulna. Radial head Neck of radius Radial tuberosity Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity Radius Ulna Interosseous membrane Distal radioulnar joint Ulnar head Styloid process of radius b Anterior view
Figure 8-5c The Right Radius and Ulna. Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity Ulna c Lateral view of ulna, showing trochlear notch
8-2 The Upper Limbs Eight Carpal Bones Four proximal carpal bones Four distal carpal bones Allow wrist to bend and twist
Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand. Radius Ulna Ulna Radius Carpals Carpals Carpals Scaphoid Trapezium Trapezoid Pollex I II III IV V Lunate Pisiform Triquetrum Hamate Capitate Metacarpal bones V IV III II I Scaphoid Trapezium Trapezoid Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Proximal Middle Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal Distal a Anterior view b Posterior view
8-2 The Upper Limbs Metacarpal Bones The five long bones of the hand Numbered I V from lateral (thumb) to medial Articulate with proximal phalanges Phalanges of the Hands 14 total finger bones Pollex (thumb) Two phalanges (proximal, distal) Fingers Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
Figure 8-6a Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand. Carpals Radius Ulna Carpals Scaphoid Lunate Pisiform Trapezium Triquetrum Hamate Trapezoid Pollex I II III IV V Capitate Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal a Anterior view
Figure 8-6b Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand. Carpals Ulna Radius Carpals Lunate Scaphoid Pisiform Triquetrum Hamate Capitate V IV III II I Trapezium Trapezoid Metacarpal bones Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal b Posterior view
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle The Pelvic Girdle Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones) Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement Part of the pelvis Coxal bones Made up of three fused bones 1. Ilium (articulates with sacrum) 2. Ischium 3. Pubis
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The acetabulum Also called the hip socket Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone) Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface) Acetabular notch A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum
Figure 8-7a The Right Hip Bone. Ilium POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Gluteal Lines Anterior Inferior Posterior Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Lunate surface Acetabulum Acetabular notch Pubis Superior ramus Pubic tubercle Inferior ramus Ischial ramus a Right hip bone, lateral view
Figure 8-7a The Right Hip Bone. Ilium POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Ischium Pubis Gluteal Lines Anterior Inferior Posterior Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Lunate surface Acetabulum Acetabular notch Pubis Superior ramus Pubic tubercle Inferior ramus Ischial ramus a Right hip bone, lateral view
Figure 8-7b The Right Hip Bone. Ilium ANTERIOR Pubis POSTERIOR Ischium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Pubis Pubic tubercle Iliac fossa Auricular surface for articulation with sacrum Iliac tuberosity Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Arcuate line Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pectineal line Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Location of pubic symphysis b Right hip bone, medial view
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones Articulations of the pelvic girdle Sacroiliac joint Articulation of posterior auricular surface of ilium With the sacrum Stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity The Pelvis Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae
Figure 8-8a The Pelvis of an Adult Male. Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Ischium Hip bone (see Figure 8 7) Iliac crest L 5 Arcuate line Sacroiliac joint Sacrum Iliac fossa Ilium Acetabulum Pubis Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Pubic symphysis Ischium a Anterior view
Figure 8-8b The Pelvis of an Adult Male. Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Ischium Hip bone (see Figure 8 7) Iliac crest L 5 Sacral foramina Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Sacrum Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Coccyx b Posterior view Ischial tuberosity
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Divisions of the Pelvis True pelvis Encloses pelvic cavity Pelvic brim Upper edge of true pelvis Encloses pelvic inlet Perineum region Inferior edges of true pelvis Forms pelvic outlet Perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Divisions of the Pelvis False pelvis Blades of ilium above arcuate line
Figure 8-9a Divisions of the Pelvis. False pelvis Pelvic outlet Pelvic brim Pelvic inlet a Superior view. The pelvic brim, pelvic inlet, and pelvic outlet.
Figure 8-9b Divisions of the Pelvis. False pelvis Pelvic inlet Pelvic brim True pelvis Pelvic outlet b Lateral view. The boundaries of the true (lesser) pelvis (shown in purple) and the (false) greater pelvis.
Figure 8-9c Divisions of the Pelvis. Pelvic outlet Ischial spine c Inferior view. The limits of the pelvic outlet.
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis Female pelvis Smoother and lighter Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments Pelvis modifications for childbearing Enlarged pelvic outlet Broad pubic angle (>100 ) Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx Wide, circular pelvic inlet Broad, low pelvis Ilia project laterally, not upward
Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 1 of 4). MALE SKULL FEMALE Heavier, rougher General Appearance Lighter, smoother About 10% larger Cranium About 10% smaller More sloping Forehead More vertical Larger Sinuses Smaller Larger Teeth Smaller Larger, more robust Mandible Smaller, less robust
Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 2 of 4). PELVIS Narrower, rougher, more robust General Appearance Broader, smoother, less robust More vertical; extends farther superior to sacroiliac joint Ilium Less vertical; less extension superior to sacral articulation Long, narrow triangle with pronounced sacral curvature Deeper Sacrum Iliac fossa Broad, short triangle with less sacral curvature Shallower Narrower, heart shaped Pelvic inlet Open, circular shaped Narrow Pelvic outlet Enlarged Points anteriorly Directed laterally Oval Coccyx Acetabulum Obturator foramen Points inferiorly Faces slightly anteriorly Triangular Under 90 º Pubic angle 100º or more Heavier More prominent OTHER Bone weight Bone markings Lighter Less prominent
Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 3 of 4). PELVIS Narrower, rougher, more robust More vertical; extends farther superior to sacroiliac joint Long, narrow triangle with pronounced sacral curvature Deeper General Appearance Ilium Sacrum Iliac fossa Narrower, heart shaped Pelvic inlet Narrow Pelvic outlet Points anteriorly Directed laterally Oval Under 90 º Coccyx Acetabulum Obturator foramen Pubic angle OTHER Heavier More prominent Bone weight Bone markings
Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 4 of 4). PELVIS General Appearance Ilium Sacrum Iliac fossa Broader, smoother, less robust Less vertical; less extension superior to sacral articulation Broad, short triangle with less sacral curvature Shallower Pelvic inlet Open, circular shaped Pelvic outlet Enlarged Coccyx Acetabulum Obturator foramen Pubic angle Points inferiorly Faces slightly anteriorly Triangular 100º or more OTHER Bone weight Bone markings Lighter Less prominent
8-4 The Lower Limbs Functions of the Lower Limbs Weight bearing Motion Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg
8-4 The Lower Limbs Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur (thigh) Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (leg) Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes)
8-4 The Lower Limbs The Femur The proximal epiphysis Femoral head Articulates with pelvis at acetabulum Attaches at fovea capitis The neck Narrow area between head and trochanters Joins shaft at angle
Figure 8-11 Bone Markings on the Right Femur. Neck Greater trochanter Fovea capitis Femoral head Intertrochanteric line Neck Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Pectineal line Linea aspera Shaft Lateral supracondylar ridge Medial supracondylar ridge Popliteal surface Patellar surface Adductor tubercle Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle a Anterior surface b Posterior surface
8-4 The Lower Limbs The Patella Also called the kneecap A sesamoid bone Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris Base attaches quadriceps femoris Apex attaches patellar ligament
Figure 8-12a The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c). Base of patella Attachment area for quadriceps tendon Attachment area for patellar ligament Apex of patella a Anterior view
Figure 8-12b The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c). Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Articular surface of patella b Posterior view
Figure 8-12c The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c). Patella Lateral facet, for lateral condyle of femur Medial facet, for medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle of femur Medial condyle of femur c Inferior view of right femur and patella
8-4 The Lower Limbs The Tibia Also called the shinbone Supports body weight Larger than fibula Medial to fibula
8-4 The Lower Limbs The Fibula Attaches muscles of feet and toes Smaller than tibia Lateral to tibia
Figure 8-13a The Right Tibia and Fibula. Lateral tibial condyle Head of fibula Superior tibiofibular joint Medial tibial condyle Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior margin Tibia Fibula Lateral malleolus (fibula) Medial malleolus (tibia) Inferior articular surface a Anterior view
Figure 8-13b The Right Tibia and Fibula. Articular surface of medial tibial condyle Medial tibial condyle Intercondylar eminence Articular surface of lateral tibial condyle Lateral tibial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus (tibia) b Inferior tibiofibular joint Lateral malleolus (fibula) Posterior view
Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Tarsal bones Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial V IV III II I Metatarsal bones Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal Hallux Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx a Superior view, right foot
8-4 The Lower Limbs Metatarsal Bones of the Foot Five long bones of foot Numbered I V, medial to lateral Articulate with toes
8-4 The Lower Limbs Phalanges of the Foot Phalanges 14 bones of the toes Hallux Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal) Other four toes Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)
Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Tarsal bones Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial V IV III II I Metatarsal bones Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal Hallux Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx a Superior view, right foot
8-4 The Lower Limbs Arches of the Feet Arches transfer weight from one part of the foot to another The longitudinal arch Calcaneal portion Lateral Talar portion Medial The transverse arch Formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot
Figure 8-14b Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Talus Cuboid Navicular Cuneiform bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Calcaneus b Lateral view, right foot
Figure 8-14c Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Phalanges Metatarsal bones Medial Navicular cuneiform bone Talus Calcaneus c Transverse arch Medial view, right foot Longitudinal arch
8-5 Individual Skeleton Variation Studying the Skeleton Reveals characteristics Muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone mass) Medical history (condition of teeth, healed fractures) Sex and age (bone measurements and fusion) Body size
Table 8-1 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (Part 1 of 2).
Table 8-1 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (Part 2 of 2).