Benefits of feed additives beyond growth related performance AJAY AWATI 23 October, 2013 Brussels, Belgium Ajay.awati@dupont.com
Success and Success criteria for Animal production: Before 2000 AD After 2000 AD Year 2000 6/14/2013 2
Success criteria..before 2000AD Improved Animal performance FE Or FCR ADG SBW ADG: average daily gain g/d; SBW: Slaughter Body weight; FE: feed efficiency; FCR: feed conversion ratio 3
Improvement in growth rate 93g/d 26g/d 33g/d 42g/d 10g/d 1960 1970 1980 1990 2011 6/14/2013 4 Based on Rauw 1998 and Ross info
Improvement in Slaughter weight 1.68 Kg 1960 1.82 Kg 1.98 Kg 2.19 Kg 1970 1980 2.77 Kg 1990 2011 6/14/2013 5 Based on Rauw 1998 and Ross info
Improvement in Feed Conversion Ratio 2.5 Kg 2.1 Kg 2.04 Kg 1.92 Kg 1.72 Kg 1960 1970 1980 1990 2011 Amount of feed required for 1Kg weight gain 6/14/2013 6 Based on Rauw 1998 and Ross info
Animal production: before and after 2000AD Otte et al., 2007 7
Was Animal production successful before 2000AD? Yes..positively very successful!! 8
Success criteria for animal farming..now Improved Animal performance FE Or FCR ADG SBW Animal Welfare Variation in SBW Animal Health Quality of animal product Public Health Environment Good news is we understand and we can do something about it nutritionally 9
Compromised Gut health affects animal performance X Decreased nutrient digestibility in chickens with microbial overgrowth in small intestine(smits 1996) X Non specific stimulation of immune response IgA secreted across the GIT accounts for >70% of total antibody production (Macpherson and Uhr, 2004) X Increased absorptive cell turnover and mucus production In chickens, gut metabolism accounts for 20-36% of the whole body energy expenditure, which is mainly due to cell turnover (Cant et al 1996) 6/14/2013 10
Animal Health and Public Health Gastro-intestinal Pathogens e.g. E.coli, Clostridia, Salmonella In feed antibiotics Increased antibiotic resistance Ban in EU and some other countries Threat to public health Further increase in therapeutic antibiotics use 6/14/2013 11
Quality of animal products and public health Campylobacter infection Salmonella infection Commensal in poultry E.coli infection Does not cause any infection, But serious threat to human health 6/14/2013 12
Animal Welfare Gastrointestinal microbes e.g. Staphylococcus spp. Clostridium spp. Foot pad lesions in broilers Microbial activity Higher protein fermentation -leading to higher ammonia in excreta 6/14/2013 13
Environment Ammonia Emission Phosphorus Utilization Odour Emission 6/14/2013 14
What can we do about it? Challenge -Improved immune response - Protection against stress effects Challenge -Digestibility improvement - Increased use of unconventional feed sources Challenge -Microbial balance - Well directed microbial activity Possibilities -Betaine - Essential Oils Possibilities -Enzymes Possibilities -Direct Fed Microbials -Essential Oils -Organic acids -Prebiotics -Enzymes 6/14/2012 15
How about feed additives and challenges? Betaine DFM Organic acids Herbal Extracts Essential oils Prebiotics Betaine DFM Herbal Extracts Essential oils Betaine DFM Organic acids Herbal Extracts Essential oils Prebiotics Enzymes DFM Organic acids Prebiotics Enzymes Animal Health & Welfare Quality of animal products Public Health (AMGP alternative) Environment Interesting stories for today Enzymes: Alternative to AMGPs DFM: Quality of animal products 6/14/2012 16
Enzymes as an alternative to AMGP 6/14/2012 17
Conventional Germ-free Oral Injected New Old Response Relative to Control When, how and why AMGPs work? 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 Control Antibiotic - AMGPs work more effectively in gut - AMGPs work more effectively under stress Animals Mode of Administration Facilities Anderson, 1999
Stress and gut microflora Intestinal motility is affected Stress Favourable conditions for microbiota in small intestine Microbial Overgrowth Enzyme production is affected
NSP contents in diet contribute further to the problem Animal diets contain Cereals 40 9 43 40 25 29 Soluble NSP levels are high unconventional cheap ingredients with high NSP contents Barley Corn Oats Rye Wheat Wheat bran Concentration of soluble NSPs g/kg DM Bach Knudsen, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 67:319-338
Soluble NSPs in diet and gut health Increased viscosity in Small Intestine Increased digesta retention time in Small Intestine Soluble NSPs Decreased nutrient digestibility Decreased Performance Decreased oxygen tension in Small Intestine Increased microbial growth in Small Intestine
s were effective by reducing microbial overgrowth in the small intestine caused by stress & soluble NSP content of the diet.
Enzymes can be part of the solution Small Intestine Large Intestine -De-polymerisation of soluble NSPs -Reduction in viscosity -Increased nutrient digestibility -Digesta transit time is better regulated -Lesser microbial overgrowth -Better nutrient absorption -De-polymerisation of soluble NSPs produce smaller oligomers which utilized by healthy microflora -Increased energy availability by higher VFA production -Lower pathogen pressure Choct 1997
Enzymes: Small Intestine Apajalahti and Bedford1998
Enzymes: Small Intestine Enzyme source: Combination XAP Romero et al. 2011
Enzymes: Large Intestine Choct et al. Brit. Poult. Sci. 37: 609-621 Amerah et al. 2012
Enzymes and Salmonella challenge S. enteritidis-positive birds (birds with >10 5 cfu/g), % 42-21% 45 42 33 27-40% -40% 25 25-32% 17 10 8 10 7 10 6 10 5 10 4 S enteritidis inoculation, cfu/bird 8.3-100% ND Control + Enzyme Study done at Bristol University, UK
Enzymes in post AMGP era AMGPs prevent microbial overgrowth in small intestine by antimicrobial activity Enzymes prevent microbial overgrowth in small intestine by substrate reduction Appropriate use of either single or combinations of enzymes can play a vital role in sustainable animal production in post AMGP era
DFM and improvement of quality and production of animal products 6/14/2012 29
Production Performance DFM and Growth performance 2 1.95 1.9 1.85 1.8 1.75 1.7 1.65 1.6 1.55 1.5 1.92 p<0.05 1.82 Control DBSC FCR Animal: Broilers DFM: Dried bacillus subtilis culture Santoso et al 1999 6/14/2012 30
Production Performance DFM and Egg production * 2.8 1.2 2.4-5.9-8 -6-4 -2 0 2 4 % egg/hen/day Egg weight Egg Mass g/hen/day FCRegg Kg feed/kg egg Animal: Laying hens DFM: Dried bacillus subtilis culture Xu et al 2006 6/14/2012 31
Quality of Animal Products DFM and egg quality 10.6 * -12.2 1 1.6 3.1 Shell Strength Shell thickness Yolk color Haugh Unit Yolk Cholesterol -20-10 0 10 20 Animal: Laying hens DFM: Dried bacillus subtilis culture Xu et al 2006 6/14/2012 32
Quality of Animal Products DFM and meat quality (Proximate composition) p<0.05 p<0.05 p<0.05 p<0.05 6/14/2012 Animal: Broilers DFM: Mixture of lactobacilli and bifidobacterium Khaksefidi and Rahimi 2005 33
Public health concern DFM and meat quality Animal: Broilers DFM: Mixture of lactobacilli and bifidobacterium 6/14/2012 Khaksefidi and Rahimi 2005 34
Conclusion Can we be successful based on these new criteria? FE Or FCR Improved Animal performance ADG SBW With a conscious effort in developing feed additives for more than growth performance effect Animal Welfare Variation in SBW Animal Health Quality of animal product Yes we can!! Public Health Environment 6/14/2012 35
Thank you for your attention Image courtesy: Google Images 6/14/2012 36
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