Skeletal System: Articulations (Chapter 9) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus

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Skeletal System: Articulations (Chapter 9) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Primary Sources for figures and content: Marieb, E. N. Human Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2004. Martini, F. H. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2004. Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 1 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture Slides

Articulation = joint; site where two or more bones meet -function: connect bones together but provide mobility in skeleton Anatomical/Structural Classification of Joints: (based on connecting material) 1. Fibrous: bones joined by fibrous CT with no space 2. Cartilaginous: bones joined by pad or bridge of cartilage 3. Synovial: bones separated by fluid-filled cavity, surrounded by CT Physiological/Functional Classification of Joints: (based on amount of movement) 1. Synarthrosis: immovable joint (fibrous or cartilaginous) 2. Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable joint (fibrous or cartilaginous) 3. Diarthrosis: freely moveable joint (always synovial) Increased mobility = decreased stability Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 2 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture Slides

Synarthroses: immovable, strength 1. Synostosis: fused bones 2. Suture: interlocked bones, sealed with dense CT 3. Gomphosis: tooth in alveolar socket, held by peridontal ligament 4. Synchrondrosis: hyaline cartilage bridge between bones Amphiarthroses: slightly moveable, strength with some mobility 1. Syndesmosis: bones connected by ligament ligament = band of dense regular CT 2. Symphysis: bones separated by pad of fibrocartilage Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 3 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture Slides

Diarthroses = Synovial Joint: great mobility, less strength and stability Features (on handout) Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 4 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture Slides

Joint Injuries Sprain - damage to ligament, some collagen torn, slow to heal Bursitis - inflammation of a bursa due to trauma, infection, or repetitive motion *synovial joints stabilized by articular capsule and accessory structures to restrict mobility: mobility = stability = chance of dislocation Luxation = dislocation; joint displacement, usually damages cartilage, ligaments, and capsule, pain receptors in all CT of the joint, except articular cartilage, to prevent actions Subluxation = partial dislocation; displacement beyond usual anatomical limitation, double jointed Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 5 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture Slides

Movements at synovial joints 1. Linear movements - Gliding: slight movement in any direction 2. Angular movements: one plane of motion - Flexion: reduce angle in frontal plane - Extension: increase angle in frontal plane - Hyperextension: extension past anatomical position - Abduction: move away from longitudinal axis in sagittal plane - Adduction: move toward longitudinal axis in sagittal plane - Circumduction: move in loop without rotation 3. Rotational movements: turn on axis - medial rotation: turn in toward body - lateral rotation: turn out away from body Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 6 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture Slides

Special and Specific Motion: - Inversion: turn sole inward - Eversion: turn sole outward - Dorsiflexion: lift toes - Plantar flexion: lift heal - Opposition: thumb across palm - Pronation: medial rotation of radius - Supination: lateral rotation of radius - Protraction: move anterior - Retraction: move posterior - Elevation: move superior - Depression: move inferior Ranges of Motion 1. Monaxial: movement in 1 plane 2. Biaxial: movement in 2 planes 3. Triaxial: movement in 3 planes 4. Multiaxial: gliding joints, all directions Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 7 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture Slides

Types of Synovial Joints (handout) 1. Gliding/Plane Joint: flat surfaces, slide in any direction 2. Hinge Joint: cylindrical projection in trough-shaped surface 3. Pivot Joint: round projection in ring shaped depression Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 8 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture Slides

4. Ellipsoidal joint: oval facet in oval depression 5. Saddle joint: concave surface into convex surface 6. Ball and socket joint: spherical head into cup-like socket Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 9 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture Slides

Age Related Changes: Rheumatism = pain and stiffness of skeletal system Arthritis = rheumatism of synovial joints, caused by damage to articular cartilage - osteoarthritis = age 60+, cumulative wear and tear erodes cartilage - rheumatoid arthritis = autoimmune attack, chronic inflammation and damage to joint Ankylosis = ossification of the joint due to untreated RA - gouty arthritis = crystals of uric acid from nucleic acid metabolism form in synovial fluid, damage cartilage Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 10 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture Slides

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