Bilgy 12 Review sheet Urinary and Reprductive Systems ANSWERS 1. What is the main excretry rgan? Kidneys 2. What are the functins f the kidney? helps maintain hmestasis thrugh regulatin f H 2O and ins 3. Ammnia, urea, uric acid and creatinine are knwn as nitrgenus wastes. 4. Hw are urea, uric acid, and creatinine frmed? Urea breakdwn f AA creates NH 3 (in the liver). NH 3 + CO 2 urea (less txic than NH 3) Uric acid = breakdwn f nucletides (can frm crystals) Creatinine= breakdwn f creatine phsphate synthesized by AA in liver high energy reserve mlecule fr muscles (like ATP) 5. Explain the 3 parts f a kidney : crtex, medulla, and pelvis. Renal crtex = uter regin (red because many capillaries) Renal medulla = inner area (striped because f tubules and bld vessels) Renal pelvis = innermst prtin where urine cllects befre leaving kidney 6. Explain the parts f a nephrn. It is the functinal unit f the kidney-- where filtratin takes place It cnsists f a renal crpuscle and a renal tubule (prximal cnvluted tubule, lp f henle, distal cnvluted tubule) It als cntains a glmerular capsule. 7. Explain the bld supply f the kidney (arund the nephrn). As bld flw cmes thrugh the kidney thrugh the renal artery, the artery branches several times and eventually results as an afferent arterile. The afferent arterile becmes the glmerular capillaries which make up the filtratin membrane (fenestrated capillaries). As bld exits the capillaries, it enters the efferent arteriles and frms anther series f capillaries. These tubules prvide a pathway fr sme f the filtrate t be reabsrbed 8. Knw the diagrams f the kidney 9. Knw the diagram f the nephrn and assciated bld supply 10. What are the functin and structure f the kidney, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder, renal crtex/medulla/pelvis, and nephrn 11. What is meant by water salt balance? Mre salts in bld = greater bld vlume = increased BP. Therefre, kidneys regulate bld pressure. Decrease salt = decrease bld vlume = decreased BP 12. What is meant by acid-base balance? kidneys mnitr and cntrl bld ph by excreting H + ins and by absrbing bicarbnate in HCO3 -. Urine has ph f 6 r lwer. 13. Explain the prcess f urine frmatin filtratin, selective reabsrptin, tubular secretin/excretin a. Filtratin = mvement frm bld t nephrn Bld enters the afferent arterile and then the glmerulus ú this increases BP int the glmerulus because capillaries are smaller than arteriles. ú increased BP frces water & small substances ut f the bld and int the Bwman s capsule (start f nephrn) ú fluid is nw called filtrate. ú The filtrate cntains: H 2O, glucse, AA, salts, nitrgenus wastes ú Larger mlecules remain in the nw thicker capillaries) ú they are taken away by the efferent arterile which is narrwer t keep pressure up in the glmerulus fr filtratin b. selective reabsrptin = mvement frm nephrn t bld (peritubular capillary netwrk PCN) - Occurs mainly in the prximal cnvluted tubule Cells cntain lts f prtein carriers and mitchndria fr active transprt micrvilli fr surface area fr absrptin - Glucse, AA, sme salts, little H 2O return t bld by active transprt (carrier prteins) Na + is actively reabsrbed and Cl - passively fllws - reabsrptin f salts increases smlarity f bld cmpared t filtrate water mves passively frm tubule int bld.
water mves ut fr 2 reasns: As slute is reabsrbed, water fllws by smsis (int PCN) Lp f Henle is in the renal medulla which is very salty (ECF full f NaCl and urea) water mves t establish equilibrium By end f descending lp, much water has been reabsrbed filtrate is very cncentrated (hypertnic t bld) The ascending (up) tubule f the Lp f Henle reabsrbs salt (e.g. NaCl) (permeable t salts nly NOT water) by the time filtrate reaches distal cnvluted tubule it is istnic t bld again c. tubular secretin = mvement frm bld t nephrn Occurs in distal cnvluted tubule by active transprt excess substances in bld enter the filtrate (i.e. Creatinine, drugs, penicillin, H + ) ph f bld is maintained by adjusting H + levels Nw int the Cllecting Duct sme urea slips ut and adds t slute cncentratin f renal medulla causes mre H 2O t diffuse ut f cllecting duct int renal medulla if ADH is present 14. Where des active transprt and diffusin ccur in the nephrn? Active = przimal tubule, ascending limb f lp f Henle, distal tubule, cllecting duct 15. What wuld happen if the glmerulus was damaged? salt and excess fluid can build up in the bdy 16. What is the rle f the hypthalamus and psterir pituitary in urine frmatin? Regulatin f urine frmatin by making and releases ADH 17. Where is the adrenal gland lcated? Hw des it affect urine frmatin? On tp f the kidneys, Regulates BP by adjusted bld vlume 18. Explain hw ADH regulates water in the urinary system Regulates reabsrptin f water by increased permeability f cllecting duct. S, mre water int bld ] increases BP 19. Explain hw Aldsterne regulates water in the urinary system Regulates BP by adjusted bld vlume. Increases Na + reabsrptin at distal cnvluted tubule this causes water t mve ut by smsis s bld vlume (BP) increases 20. What are the primary male reprductive parts and their functin? See male reprductive wrksheet key 21. Knw the diagram f the male reprductive system 22. Where are sperm made? Mature? Seminiferus tublules in testes is where sperm is made, matured in epididymis 23. Where is teststerne prduced? Interstitial cells in tests 24. What 3 glands release substances that make up semen/seminal fluid? Seminal vesicles, prstate gland, & Cwper s r Bulburethral gland What are the functins f seminal fluid? See Male Reprductive Wrksheet 25. Explain the prcess f spermatgenesis. Spermatgenesis is the prductin and maturatin f sperm cells. Where d sperm gain the ability t swim? Epididymis 26. What is the functin f teststerne? respnsible fr primary and secndary sex characteristics 27. Explain the cntrl f teststerne GnRH (frm Hypthalamus)= (gnadtrpic releasing hrmne) causes anterir pituitary t release LH and FSH LH (luteinizing hrmne) - stimulates interstitial cells (testes) t prduce teststerne 28. Explain the path f sperm thrugh the male reprductive system testes à epididymis à vas deferens à urethra à 29. What are the primary female reprductive parts and their functin? See Ntes 30. Knw the diagram f the female reprductive system 31. Where are cilia fund in the female reprductive system and what is their functin? Oviducts - tube is lined with cilia that create a current t carry the egg t uterus 32. Explain the path f an egg thrugh the female reprductive system fllicles have immarture eggs in varies à viducts à uterus 33. What are the functins f estrgen? T start primary and secndary sex characterisitcs
34. Explain the Menstrual cycle: uterine cycle and varian cycle. Als, explain the assciated hrmnal changes that ccur in each phase See wrksheets. 35. Explain the cntrl f hrmnes in the female reprductive system: gnadtrpic releasing hrmne, FSH, LH, estrgen, prgesterne, and the rle f the hypthalamus and pituitary gland. See wrksheets. 36. What 2 substances cause cntractin f the uterus? Oxytxin and estrgen 37. Cmpare and cntrast the rle f LH and FSH in the male and reprductive system. 38. What is HCG? What des it d? HCG = human chrinic gnadtrpin. HCG maintains the crpus luteum t prevent a drp in levels f estrgen & prgesterne. des 2 things: Shuts ff pituitary s n FSH r LH and Maintains endmetrium s crpus luteum n lnger neededè n menstruatin 39. Explain the rle f xytcin in pregnancy. Explain hw it is an example f psitive feedback. xytcin is a hrmne prduced by hypthalamus and stred in psterir pituitary. released in bld upn nervus stimulatin f hypthalamus. causes milk let-dwn by psitive feedback the mre the baby feeds mre xytcin mre milk prduced. stimulates cntractins f uterus during labur psitive feedback 40. What event marks the beginning f pregnancy? When the prductin f HCG 41. When des implantatin ccur? Abut 7 days after fertilzatin 42. Birth cntrl pills are a cmbinatin f estrgen + prgesterne 43. The tube that transprts urine frm the kidney t the urinary bladder is the a) Urethra c) Cllecting duct b) Ureter d) Prximal cnvluted tubule 44. The urinary bladder is useful because it a) Helps with defecatin b) Is a place where white cells attack bacteria c) Stres urine t prevent cnstant urinatin d) Transprts urine t the utside f the bdy 45. Nervus cntrl f urinatin invlves what mechanism(s)? a) The brain determines need fr urinatin frm an internal clck b) Stretch receptrs in the urinary bladder directly send impulses t the sphincters t cause urinatin c) Stretch receptrs in the urinary bladder send impulses t the spine causing a urinary reflex but the brain can delay the reflex d) Chemical receptrs in the bladder detect urine cncentratin and trigger a reflex actin 46. Which is NOT a functin f the urinary system? a) Mnitring and maintaining bld ph at abut 7.4 b) Regulating bld pressure by regulating salt balance in the bld c) Hrmne secretin t stimulate red bld cell prductin and regulate sdium in levels d) Prductin f water frm xygen and bicarbnate ins (HCO 3) 47. Excretin is a prcess in which is (are) remved frm the bdy a) Water c) Feces b) Salt d) Metablic wastes 48. Urea is a waste prduct in the metablism f a) Fats b) Glucse c) Minerals d) Prteins 49. The micrscpic anatmical unit f excretin fund in the kidney is the a) Nephrn b) Glmerular (Bwman s) capsule c) Glmerulus d) Alveli 50. In the diagram abve f the nephrn, which arrw represents the site f filtratin? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
51. In the diagram, which arrw represents the site f tubular secretin? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 52. In the diagram, the lp f the nephrn (lp f Henle) is fund at which site? 53. In the diagram, hydrgen and ptassium ins, creatinine, and ammnia will be excreted at which site? 54. In the diagram, glucse, salt, and water will nrmally be reabsrbed at which site? 55. In the diagram, the highest cncentratin f slutes in the medulla wuld be fund at which site? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5 56. In the diagram, the effect f the hrmne ADH will be at which site? 57. Which f the fllwing wuld be an indicatin f kidney failure? a) Urea in the urine b) Salts in the urine c) Uric acid in the urine d) Large amunt f prtein in the urine 58. Which f these is the crrect sequence f bld vessels abut the nephrn? a) Renal artery, capillary bed, afferent arterile, efferent arterile, renal vein b) Efferent arterile, glmerulus, venule, afferent arterile, cllecting duct c) Afferent arterile, glmerulus, efferent arterile, capillary bed, venule, renal vein d) Afferent arterile, glmerulus, capillary bed, efferent arterile, venule renal vein 59. What is the crrect rder an excreted water mlecule mves frm glmerulus t cllecting duct? a) Lp f nephrn glmerular capsule prximal cnvluted tubule distal cnvluted tubule b) Glmerular capsule prximal cnvluted tubule lp f nephrn distal cnvluted tubule c) Prximal cnvluted tubule glmerular capsule lp f nephrn distal cnvluted tubule d) Glmerular capsule prximal cnvluted tubule distal cnvluted tubule lp f nephrn 60. The capillaries are enclsed by the Bwman s capsule. a) Peritubular b) Glmerular c) Cllecting tubule d) Lp f Henle 61. The cncentratin f prtein in the bld is higher in pst-glmerular bld as cmpared with that in arterial bld because a) Prtein is digested in glmerular / Bwman s capsule b) The kidney manufactures prtein c) Reabsrptin f prtein ccurs d) As water passes int the capsule, the cncentratin f prtein in the bld will increase 62. Which f the fllwing is NOT ne f the three steps (prcesses) invlved in urine frmatin? a) Pressure filtratin c) Cuntercurrent mechanism b) Selective reabsrptin d) Tubular secretin 63. Selective reabsrptin ccurs in the f the nephrn. a) Glmerulus c) Prximal cnvluted tubule b) Distal cnvluted tubule d) Cllecting duct 64. Tubular secretin allws hydrgen ins, creatinine and penicillin t be excreted in the distal cnvluted tubule. Hw are these mlecules mved acrss? a) Fluid pressure similar t what happens in the glmerulus b) Passive diffusin 65. Glucse is fund in glmerular filtrate but NOT in the urine because a) The kidney stres glucse as glycgen b) Kidney cells require glucse because energy is needed fr active transprt c) Glucse is reabsrbed back int the bldstream d) Glucse is cnverted t amin acids in the kidney. c) Osmsis d) Active transprt 66. Nrmally, cncentratin f metablically imprtant substances, such as glucse, are a) High in glmerular filtrate but nly a trace in urine c) High in glmerular filtrate and urine b) Lw in glmerular filtrate but high in urine d) Lw in bth glmerular filtrate and urine 67. Nrmally, cncentratins f wastes, such as urea, are a) High in urine in cmparisn t plasma c) In trace amunts in urine but are high in bld b) High in the filtrate but lw in urine d) Nt in the filtrate but are a little in the urine 68. Which mechanism used t frm urine requires a high bld pressure? a) Glmerular filtratin c) Tubular secretin b) Selective reabsrptin d) Phagcytsis 69. Which f the fllwing is NOT true abut the cllecting ducts? a) They are fund within the medulla b) Fluid enters them frm the distal cnvluted tubule c) Water diffuses ut f them int the medulla d) The urine within them becmes hyptnic t the bld
70. Penicillin leaves the bld plasma thrugh tubular walls and nt thrugh the glmerulus. Therefre, penicillin is remved frm the bld by the prcess f a) Osmsis c) Tubular secretin b) Pressure filtratin d) Diffusin 71. Albumin is the large prtein mlecule fund in egg white and bld plasma. Table salt dissciates int sdium and chlride ins. Urea is assembled in the liver. In a healthy persn what is the fate f the majrity f these mlecules as they pass thrugh a nephrn? a) All 3 pass acrss t the glmerular capsule and are excreted in urine b) All 3 pass acrss t the glmerular capsule but the salt ins are mstly reabsrbed c) Albumin remains in the bld, salt ins and urea are passed acrss and excreted d) Albumin remains in the bld, salt ins pass acrss but are reabsrbed, and the urea is passed acrss and excreted 72. Hw can urine cntain a higher cncentratin f wastes (be hypertnic) than the bld? a) Urine cannt since the prcess is passive diffusin b) Reabsrptin f water in the lp f Henle and cllecting ducts leaves behind a mre cncentrated urine c) All stages in the kidney invlve active transprt d) Urine can be hypertnic fr small mlecules if it is hyptnic fr an equal number f big mlecules 73. Which statement is NOT true abut ADH? a) It increases the permeability f the cllecting ducts b) ADH increases water reabsrptin 74. An increased amunt f ADH leads t a) An increased amunt f urine b) A decreased amunt f urine 75. The lp f Henle will shw a) Active release f sdium frm the descending limb b) Active release f sdium frm the ascending limb c) ADH decreases urine vlume d) It is secreted by the adrenal gland c) N change in the amunt f urine d) Kidney failure c) Passive release f sdium frm the ascending limb d) Water release frm the ascending limb 76. The structure which mnitrs bld pressure in the kidney is called the a) Juxtaglmerular apparatus c) Ascending tubule b) Glmerular (Bwman s) capsule d) Renal pelvis 77. Which structure will release renin? a) Glmerular (Bwman s) capsule c) Lp f the nephrn (lp f Henle) b) Prximal cnvluted tubule cells d) Juxtaglmerular apparatus 78. The physical principle upn which kidney dialysis is based is a) Active transprt b) Diffusin c) Heat transfer d) Pincytsis 79. If the bld is alkaline a) Mre hydrgen ins, sdium, and bicarbnate ins are excreted b) Less hydrgen ins and mre sdium and bicarbnate ins are reabsrbed c) Less hydrgen ins are excreted and less sdium and bicarbnate ins are reabsrbed d) The kidneys reabsrb increased amunts f water 80. Which f these characterizes the bld in the renal vein? a) High in CO 2 and high in urea b) High in CO 2 and lw in urea c) Lw in CO 2 and lw in urea d) Lw in CO 2 and high in urea 81. What d FSH, LH, teststerne, prgesterne, and estrgen have in cmmn? a) They ccur nly in the female c) All f them directly affect the uterine lining b) They ccur nly in the male d) All f them are necessary t sexual reprductin 82. The vas deferens a) Becmes erect c) Is surrunded by the prstate gland b) Carries sperm d) All f these 83. The uterus a) Is cnnected t bth the viducts and the vagina b) Is nt an endcrine gland 84. The prstate gland a) Is remved when a vasectmy is perfrmed b) Is nt needed t maintain the secndary sex characteristics c) Receives urine frm the bladder 85. Ovulatin ccurs a) As a result f hrmnal changes b) Always n day 14 c) Cntributes t the develpment f the placenta d) All f these d) All f these c) In pstmenpausal wmen d) As a result f implantatin 86. Pregnancy begins a) When an egg is fertilized b) When vulatin ccurs
c) Upn successful implantatin d) During the fllicular phase 87. Which gland is an endcrine gland? a) Seminal vesicles c) Cwper s gland b) Prstate gland d) Testes 88. In the human male, hrmnes frm the stimulate prductin f teststerne by secreting a) Testis; seminal fluid c) Pituitary gland; luteinizing hrmne b) Hypthalamus; trphic hrmnes d) Seminal vesicles; fllicle-stimulating hrmne 89. The fllicle-stimulating hrmne stimulates the a) Release f the egg cell frm the fllicle b) Develpment f a fllicle 90. Menstruatin begins in respnse t a) An increase in circulating estrgen levels b) A decrease in circulating prgesterne levels True/False c) Develpment f the endmetrium d) Beginning f the menstrual flw c) Rupture f the varian fllicle d) Changes in the bld s CO 2 level 91. The cells f the distal cnvluted tubules have numerus mitchndria and micrvilli t supprt active transprt T 92. Urine cntains substances that underwent pressure filtratin and substances that underwent tubular secretin T 93. Bld pressure may be assciated with filtratin while smtic pressure and active transprt may be assciated with reabsrptin T 94. In fertile, sexually mature males, the urethra smetimes carries sperm and smetimes carries urine T 95. Fertilizatin usually ccurs in the viduct T