Topic 11: Nervous System

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1 Tpic 11: Nervus System Functin: Imprtant Definitins Neurns: Stimulus: anything that causes a nerve impulse t be sent Ex: Receptrs: sense rgans that detect Impulse: change alng the neurn Effectrs: any structure that respnds t the impulse being transmitted Ex: Structure f a Neurn Types f Neurns Sensry neurns: Mtr neurns: Interneurns:

2 Questin: Write dwn a situatin where yur nervus system needs t react. In yur descriptin: Identify the stimulus Identify the type f neurns tat pick up n the stimulus Include the pathway f the message thrughut the bdy Mentin the effectr that will carry ut the respnse Hw a Neurn Sends Impulses All living cells have a membrane ptential, r difference in electrical charge between the cytplasm and extracellular fluid This difference ranges frm between -50 mv t -100 mv A neurn s resting (nt stimulated) membrane ptential is -70 mv In rder fr a neurn t becme activated and an impulse t fire, the stimulus must vercme this threshld Actin Ptentials An impulse which is generated in the axn f a neurn This ccurs when a stimulus is sufficiently stimulated Knwn as an all r nne event When an axn becmes stimulated, the permeability f the membrane changes This causes channels t pen, causing t flw the cell knwn as deplarizatin In respnse, channels pen and fld f the cell during the phase knwn as replarizatin Althugh the membrane ptential is back t nrmal, the ins are n the wrng sides f the membrane

3 Is respnsible fr pumping Na + ins and K + ins during the refractry perid This ensures that the actin ptential mves in nly ne directin Cmmunicatin between Neurns Althugh an impulse travels alng an axn, it crsses a synapse. Neurtransmitters: Ex: Neurns send an impulse frm the acrss the synapse t the f the next neurn Synapse: Once the actin ptential reaches the axn terminal, ins rush int the axn terminal thrugh calcium-gated channels This rise in Ca ++ levels causes vesicles cntaining neurtransmitters t fuse with the membrane and release their cntents int the synapse The neurtransmitter can then mve acrss the synapse t receptrs n the f the next neurn Enzymes destry the neurtransmitter shrtly after it is released int the synapse Why?

4 Nervus System Brain Large mass f neurns (interneurns) Lcated in the cranium (skull) fr prtectin Has many flds 2 Hemispheres Right hemisphere: cntrls the side f the bdy Left hemisphere: cntrls the side f the bdy Parts f the Brain Cerebrum: largest part f the brain Cntrls actins (aware f the actin) Cntrls Cerebellum: cntrls and. Medulla blngata (brain stem): cntrls actins (nt aware) Cntrls Spinal Crd Cntinuus with the brain ( ) Runs frm the t the. Nerve crd is surrunded by bnes ( ) which are nt fused t allw fr mvement Crdinates activities between the brain and bdy and is respnsible fr reflexes Respnsible fr reflexes Drugs and the Nervus System Drugs can interfere with neurtransmitters by: Blcking neurtransmitters frm entering r leaving the neurn Binding t receptrs in place f neurtransmitters

5 Preventing re-uptake f neurtransmitters by the sending neurn Stimulants: Ex: Depressants: Ex: Narctics: Ex: Malfunctins Muscular dystrphy: disrder that invlves muscle weakness and lss f muscle tissue Symptms: Diagnsed by: Meningitis: bacteria r viral infectin f the membranes surrunding the brain and spinal crd (meninges) Symptms: Diagnsed by: Pli: a viral disease that can affect nerves f the central nervus system Causes: Symptms: Diagnsed by: Alzheimer s Disease: a lss f brain functin that affects memry, thinking and behavir Causes: Symptms: Diagnsed by: Parkinsn s Disease: a disrder f the brain that leads t tremrs, difficult with mvement and crdinatin Causes:

6 Symptms: Diagnsed by: Cerebral Palsy: cnditin that can invlve brain and nervus system functins such as mvement, learning, hearing, seeing and thinking Causes: Symptms: Diagnsed by: Five Senses Sight Sense rgans: Optic nerve (sensry neurn) detects stimuli frm the and carries impulses t specific parts f the brain Brain then interprets them as visual images Phtreceptrs: Rd cells detect Cne cells detect (sensitive red, green and blue light) Sund Sense rgans: Hearing: when sund waves enter the ears, they cause vibratins Balance: ears cntain fluid Mvement f fluid helps the nervus system mnitr the psitin f the bdy Smell Sense rgans: Olfactry nerve (sensry neurn) detects chemicals and sends impulses t yur brain Taste Sense rgan: Taste buds detect chemicals ( ) Sensitivity t these different categries varies n different parts f the tngue Tuch Sense rgan: All f the regins f the skin have a different cncentratin f neurns

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