BIO 137 Human Anatomy & Physiology I Laboratory Manual Laboratory #1: Measurements, Body Organization and Anatomical Systems
Lab Exercise 1 Measurements Body Organization Body Systems What you need to be able to do on the exam after completing this lab exercise: Be able to convert from one metric unit to another. Be able to explain what each metric base unit measures. Be able to convert large and small numbers to scientific notation. Be able to convert scientific notation to large (or small) numbers. Be able to identify directional terms on the muscle man model and the skin model. Be able to identify each body plane on a diagram and organ. Be able to identify all specified regions on the baby doll. Be able to identify the major body organs on a torso model. Be able to identify each body cavity on the torso model and know which major organs are housed within each cavity. Be able to identify the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions on a torso model. Be able to identify the correct body systems and organs on the models or diagrams. 1-1
Measurements Metric Measurement In the BIO In this 137 class lab, the metric system of measurement is used. It is important to be able to convert from one metric unit to another. We will be using 3 base units: gram (to measure mass) meter (to measure distance) liter (to measure volume) Below is a table that gives you the base units in the center, larger units to the left of center, and smaller units to the right of center. To convert from a smaller unit to a larger unit, you simply need to move your decimal point to the left the required number of places. To convert from a larger unit to a smaller unit, you move your decimal point to the right the required number of places. mega- kilo- hecto- deca- base unit deci- centi- milli- micro- nano- (M) (k) (h) (da) gram (g) (d) (c) (m) (µ) (n) 1,000,000 1000 100 10 liter (L) 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 10 6 10 3 10 2 10 1 meter (m) 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 46 mm = m To convert from mm to m, move your decimal point 3 places to the left (since the base unit is three places to the left of milli- on the chart). 46 mm =.046 m 400 cg = mg To convert from cg to mg, move your decimal point 1 place to the right (since milli- is 1 place to the right of centi- on the chart). 400 cg = 4,000 mg 1-2
Practice. Convert the following: 1. 25 ml = dl 5. 3,500 mm = m 2. 15 g = mg 6. 0.005 km = m 3. 750 g = kg 7. 250 cl = ml 4. 275 mm = cm 8. 6,750 cg = kg Scientific Notation Scientists often deal with very small and very large numbers. This can be confusing due to counting all those zeros! To simplify these numbers, we have learned to express them as powers of 10. Positive exponents indicate a number larger than zero. Negative exponents indicate a number smaller than zero. Convert 1,500,000 to scientific notation. We move the decimal point so there is only ONE digit to its left (which is a total of 6 places to the left in this example). 1,500,000 = 1.5 x 10 6 Convert 0.000025 to scientific notation. We move the decimal point again so there is only ONE digit to its left (which is a total of 5 places to the right in this example). 0.000025 = 2.5 x 10-5 Practice. Convert the following to scientific notation. 1. 0.005 = 4. 500 = 2. 5,050 = 5. 0.0025 = 3. 0.0008 = 6. 0.25 = Practice. Convert the following to standard notation. 1. 1.5 x 10 3 = 4. 1.2 x 10-4 = 2. 1.5 x 10-3 = 5. 1 x 10 4 = 3. 3.75 x 10 2 = 6. 4 x 10 0 = 1-3
Body Organization Anatomical Position In Human Anatomy & Physiology, we refer to the body parts in relation to a person standing in the anatomical position. Criteria: Standing Erect Facing Forward Arms at Sides Palms Forward Feet Slightly Apart 1-4
Directional Terminology When comparing the location of one body part to another, we use directional terms. Know the following directional terms on Muscle Man: A is Superior to B B is Inferior to A B is Anterior to D (on back side) D is Posterior to C E is Medial to F (on side of leg) F & G are Ipsilateral (on the same side) J & A are Contralateral (the opposite sides) G is Proximal to H H is Distal to G G is Intermediate to H & K F is Lateral to E 1-5
Planes of Reference Know the following planes of reference on a diagram or organ: A Frontal plane divides the body or an organ into Anterior/Posterior halves. A Median (Midsagittal) plane divides the body or an organ into equal Left/Right halves. A Transverse plane divides the body or an organ into Superior/Inferior halves. Midsagittal Section of Sheep Brain 1-6
Frontal (Coronal) Section of Sheep Brain Transverse Section of Sheep Brain 1-7
Regional Terminology In Human Anatomy & Physiology, we use scientific terms for various regions of the body. Know the following regional terms on the baby doll: 1-8
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Major Body Organs Know the following organs on the torso model: A. Larynx E. Stomach B. Lung G. Small Intestine D. Liver H. Large Intestine 1-10
B. Lung I. Kidney C. Heart J. Adrenal Gland F. Pancreas K. Urinary Bladder 1-11
Body Cavities Body cavities are open areas in the body that usually house an organ, bone, or other body part. Know the following body cavities. 1-12
The diagram below lists the organs housed within the body cavities. In addition to the information above: The Pleural cavities house the lungs. The Pericardial cavity houses the heart. 1-13
Abdominopelvic Quadrants In Human Anatomy & Physiology, we sometimes divide the abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants to make studying the cavity easier. Know the following body quadrants: 1-14
Abdominopelvic Regions In Human Anatomy & Physiology, we sometimes divide the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions to make studying the cavity easier. Know the following abdominopelvic regions: 1-15
Body Systems For each of the following body systems, know the organs that are listed and to which body system those organs belong: Integumentary System Know the parts of the Integumentary System (listed below) on the skin model in the lab. A. Epidermis D. Hair B. Dermis E. Sebaceous Gland C. Hypodermis F. Sweat Gland More Directional Terms on Skin Model: A is Superficial to B B is Deep to A 1-16
Skeletal System Know the parts of the Skeletal System (listed below the picture) on the knee joint model in lab. A. Bone (femur, tibia, fibula on diagram) B. Ligament (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 on diagram) C. Cartilage (6 & 7 on diagram) 1-17
Muscular System Know the parts of the Muscular System (listed below the picture) on the muscle man model in the lab. A. Muscle (red on diagram) B. Tendon (grayish white on diagram) 1-18
Nervous System Know the parts of the Nervous System (listed below the picture) on the nerve man model in the lab. A. Brain (in skull) B. Spinal Cord (extends from brain) C. Peripheral Nerves (yellow on diagram; extend from brain/spinal cord) 1-19
Endocrine System Know the listed glands of the Endocrine System on the model board in the lab. 1. Pituitary Gland 13. Pancreas 5. Thyroid Gland 16. Testis 8. Parathyroid Gland 20. Ovary 9. Adrenal Gland You will not need to know the Pineal Gland for the first lab exam. It will be covered when we study the brain. 1-20
Cardiovascular System Know the organs of the Cardiovascular System (listed below the picture) on the heart model in the lab. A. Heart B. Aorta (large red vessel extending from top of heart) C. Arteries D. Veins 1-21
Lymphatic System Know the following parts of the Lymphatic System on the diagram displayed in the lab. Note: The diagram in the lab looks different from this one, but has the same organs. A. Lymph Nodes B. Lymph Vessels C. Spleen D. Thymus You do not need to know Tonsil 1-22
Respiratory System Know the parts of the Respiratory System (listed below the picture) on the respiratory system model in the lab. A. Larynx B. Trachea C. & D. Lungs Bronchi (branches of trachea, not shown in picture) 1-23
Digestive System Know the parts of the Digestive System (listed below the picture) on the digestive system model in the lab. 1. Teeth 12. Liver 6. Esophagus 13. Small Intestine 7. Stomach 15a. Ascending Colon 9. Pancreas 15b. Transverse Colon 11. Gallbladder 15c. Descending Colon 1-24
Urinary System Know the parts of the Urinary System (listed below the picture) on the urinary system model in the lab. 12. Kidney 24. Ureter 37. Urinary Bladder Urethra 1-25
Male Reproductive System Know the parts of the Male Reproductive System (listed below the picture) on the male reproductive system model in the lab. 1. Penis 52. Testes 3. Scrotum 53. Epididymis 38. Seminal Vesicle Vas Deferens (on diagram displayed in lab) 40. Prostate Gland 1-26
Female Reproductive System Know the parts of the Female Reproductive System (listed below the model) on the female reproductive system model in the lab. 20. Fallopian Tubes 21. Ovary 22. Uterus 29. Vagina 1-27