Poultry No. 1573 The replement vlue of etine for DL-methionine nd Choline in roiler diets Key Informtion In roiler diets defiient in sulfur mino ids ut dequtely supplemented with methyl groups vi dded holine, there is no evidene for etine to spre methionine in its funtions s n essentil mino id. Betine my hve positive effet on rest met yield independent of methionine, lthough this effet ws muh smller nd less onsistent thn the effet of DL-methionine on rest met yield. Betine my reple 50 % of the totl Choline requirement in diets suffiient in sulfur mino ids. Reltionship etween holine, etine nd methionine Espeilly in times of high rw mteril pries s result of limited vilility of feed ingredients nutritionist look for wys to keep feed ost s low s possile. Prt of this disussion is whether ertin ingredients n e repled y others while voiding impirments of performne. This disussion sometimes inludes the question whether supplementl methionine n e repled y etine. Use of supplementl methionine, holine nd etine is ommon in roiler diets. Biohemilly, ll three ompounds n t s methyl group donors. Figure 1 illustrtes metoli pthwys onneting holine, etine nd methionine. This hrt shows tht holine is trnsformed to etine whih n then deliver CH 3 -group for methyltion retions. One of those retions is the methyltion of homoysteine to methionine. This retion ours s prt of the homoysteine yle, whih ontinues y trnsferring the methyl group further nd yielding homoysteine gin. Thus, there is no net yield of methionine from this yle, sine it only funtions to trnsport methyl group. Priority of holine metolism is to form etyl-holine nd phosphor-idyl-holine (Dilger et l, 2007). Further holine will e trnsformed to etine. With respet to etine, it is importnt to note tht it, lthough ontining three methyl groups, n only deliver one group for methyltion FF1573/MSR/07.2008 1
proesses (Pesti, 1989). The other two methyl groups undergo oxidtion with the finl formtion of glyine. From these reltions it might hypothesised tht holine, etine nd methionine n reple eh other on n equimolr sis s methyl group donors, ut there is no evidene for either holine or etine to deliver methionine for protein synthesis s explined in the following. Betine nnot reple holine Reently, reltionship etween holine nd etine ws investigted y Dilger et l. (2007). In three ssys 8-17 or 19 dys old hiks were fed holine free sl diet dequte in Methionine in order to meet the Met+Cys requirement. To this sl diet grded levels of holine nd etine were dded. In the sene of supplemented holine it ws demonstrted tht ddition of etine did not improve performne suggesting tht etine ould not reple holine. On the other hnd, responses to grded levels of holine ddition were more pronouned in the presene of etine (Figure 2). This indites tht in the presene of holine some etine is trnsformed nd ville to meet the methyl requirement of the hiks. It is lso seen tht the holine requirement in the presene of etine is hlf tht needed in the sene of etine (10.5 vs. 20.8). The uthors onluded tht holine per se must provide t lest 50 % of the totl Choline requirement. The remining portion of the holine requirement n e repled y etine. Betine nnot spre supplementl methionine More reently, however, it hs een suggested in this ontext tht etine ould reple methionine in order to spre supplementl DL-Met nd to lower diet ost. The present pper presents the results of feeding experiments tht investigted this hypothesis in roilers. 3 Figure 1: Metoli pthwys relting to methionine nd etine FF 1573/MSR/07.2008 2
23 21 Weight gin (g/d) 19 17 15 13 No supplementl etine 1000mg/kg supp. etine 11 0 4 6 12 16 20 24 28 Supplementl holine (mg/d) Figure 2: Weight gin of young hiks fed grded levels of supplementl holine in the sene or presene of 1000 mg/kg supplementl etine in purified diet devoid of ioville holine In order to verify this hypothesis experimentlly, two studies were onduted to investigte the replement vlue of etine for methionine in its funtion s n essentil mino id. For this purpose, roiler diets defiient in sulfur mino ids, ut dequtely supplemented with methyl groups from holine hloride, were supplemented with different omintions of DL-methionine (DL-Met) nd etine. The first study ws onduted with growing roilers growing from 1 to 40 dys of ge (Rostgno nd Pk (1995). They reeived orn-soy diets ontining 0.63 % Met + Cys (Strter) or 0.51 % Met + Cys (Grower). To these sl diets, DL-Met ws dded t 0, 0.06, 0.12 or 0.18 %. In ddition, the diets supplemented with 0 or 0.06 % DL-Met were tested with further supplements of 0.05 % or 0.10 % etine (0.05 % etine is equimolr to 0.06 % DL-Met). Growth nd feed onversion responses re presented in Figure 3. FF 1573/MSR/07.2008 3
2250 2000 1750 Weight gin (g) 1710 1688 1743 1959 2078 1500 d 1378 d 1438 d 1393 1250 1000 Add. DL-Met (%) Add. Betine (%) - - - 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.18-0.05 0.10 - - 2.30 Feed/gin 2.21 2.20 2.14 2.10 2.00 1.90 1.80 1.70 1.60 Add. DL-Met (%) Add. Betine (%) 2.17 - - - 0.05 0.10 1.98 1.98 1.99 1.85 1.79 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.18-0.05 0.10 - - Figure 3: Weight gin nd feed onversion s ffeted y ddition of DL-methionine nd Betine (Rostgno & Pk 1995, mle Ross roilers 1 to 40 dys of ge) FF 1573/MSR/07.2008 4
Wheres the irds onsistently responded to inresing ddition of DL-methionine, there ws no response t ll to dded etine. Thus, in diets tht were very sensitive to detet responses to dietry methionine supply, there ws no evidene of ny replement vlue of etine for DLmethionine. A lrge response to dded DL-methionine in rest met yield ws lso oserved (Figure 4). Betine ddition ws gin not s effiient s dded DL-Met, lthough there ppered to e slight improvement from etine. 22.0 21.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 Add. DL-Met (%) Add. Betine (%) Brest met (% of rss) d 15.0 d d 15.7 15.5 - - - 0.05 0.10 17.3 16.9 18.0 19.6 19.9 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.18-0.05 0.10 - - Figure 4: Brest met yield responses to dded DL-methionine nd etine (Rostgno & Pk 1995 [2], mle Ross roilers 1 to 40 dys of ge) Similrly Pilli et l. (2006) reported tht performne prmeters did not respond to supplementtion of holine nd etine with the sme mgnitude of response s they did to methionine, dditionlly this limited response ws only oserved in sl diets with no methionine supplementtion. A seond study involved two experiments of similr design (Shutte et l., 1995). In roilers grown to 38 dys, two types of sl diets (orn-soy or mixed diet inluding whet, tpio, met & one mel nd pes) were formulted s Strters (0-21 dys, 0.75 % Met + Cys) nd Growers (21-38 dys, 0.64 % Met + Cys). DL-methionine ws dded t 0, 0.05 or 0.10 %, nd omined with either 0 or 0.04 % etine. FF 1573/MSR/07.2008 5
Figure 5 illustrtes growth nd feed onversion responses in this study. Mixed diet 2400 2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 Weight gin (g) 2071 2046 Mixed diet 2235 2239 no etine 0.04% etine 2312 2325 0 0.05 0.1 Feed/gin Mixed diet 1.80 no etine 1.75 1.72 0.04% etine 1.70 1.69 1.65 1.64 1.64 1.60 d d 1.58 1.59 1.55 1.50 0 0.05 0.1 Corn-soy diet 2400 2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 Weight gin (g) 2112 2085 Corn-soy diet 2314 2320 no etine 0.04% etine 2357 2356 0 0.05 0.1 Corn-soy diet 1.65 Feed/gin no etine 1.60 1.56 0.04% etine 1.55 1.54 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.40 0 0.05 0.1 Figure 5: Weight gin nd feed onversion s ffeted y DL-methionine nd etine in two different types of sl diets (Shutte et l. 1995 [3], mle Ross roilers 1 to 38 dys of ge) Broilers signifintly responded to the two dditions of DL-methionine in oth diets. Further ddition of etine ws ineffetive in improving performne, onfirming the results of the first study (Figure 5). Brest met yield ws determined in irds of those groups reeiving no supplement, or 0.05 % DL- Met, or 0.04 % etine, or oth supplements. Added DL-Met improved rest met yield in oth diets y 1.5 %-points, while etine dded to the unsupplemented sl diets or to the diets ontining 0.05 % DL-Met only slightly enhned rest met yield y out 0.5 %-points (Figure 6). Betine ws lerly ineffiient in repling DL-Met, lthough it my hve some positive effet on rest met yield independent of methionine. FF 1573/MSR/07.2008 6
18.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 Brest met (% of live weight) 14.0 Mixed diet 14.6 15.5 15.8 13.9 no etine 0.04% etine 14.4 15.4 0 0.05 0 0.05 Corn-soy diet 16.0 Figure 6: Brest met yield responses to dded DL-methionine or etine (Shutte et l. 1995 [3], mle Ross roilers 1 to 38 dys of ge) Further trils onfirmed tht etine nnot reple methionine. Further trils were reported in literture ll onfirming the ove mde onlusions. MDevitt et l. (2000) inluded six dietry tretments nd fed roilers strter (d1-21) nd grower diets (d22-42). Similr to the ove shown experiments, MDevitt et l. s (2000) set up onsisted of methionine defiient diet ut eing dequte in holine (diet 1) nd two diets with 0.06% (diets 2,3). Three further diets were inluded whih were diets 1-3 eh supplemented with 0.05% etine (equivlent to 0.06% DL-Met). Responses of roilers were extly the sme s in the studies y Rostgno nd Pk (1995) nd Shutte et l. (1995). Only, supplementtion of DL-Met produed ler dose-dependent response on ody weight gin nd feed onversion wheres dded etine did not. Betine hd positive effet on rest met yield ut ws y fr not s effetive s DL- Met. Esteve-Gri nd Mk (2000) not only used extly the sme experimentl design with the sme inlusion levels of etine nd DL-Met ut me lso to extly the sme onlusions. In 2006 Wldroup et l, reported tht ddition of either holine or etine to nutritionlly dequte orn-soyen mel diet hd little or no spring effet on methionine. Finlly, Murie s (1998) pplied the sme experimentl set up ut did not evlute rss omposition oth he nd Rm Ro et l. (2008) reported the similr findings. All together, seven experiments re ville in whih the hypothesis tht supplementl etine n reple supplementl DL-Met nd thus redue diet osts ws tested. Results of ll trils suggested tht etine does not hve this potentil lthough etine s suh did hve positive effet on rest met yield. FF 1573/MSR/07.2008 7
23 21 Weight gin (g/d) 19 17 15 13 No supplementl etine 1000mg/kg supp. etine 11 0 4 6 12 16 20 24 28 Supplementl holine (mg/d) Figure 2: Weight gin of young hiks fed grded levels of supplementl holine in the sene or presene of 1000 mg/kg supplementl etine in purified diet devoid of ioville holine Referenes Dilger, R.N., Grrow, T. A. nd Bker, D. H. (2007). Betine n prtilly spre Choline in hiks ut only when dded to diets ontining miniml level of Choline. J. Nutr., 137:2224-2228. Esteve-Gri, E. nd Mk, S. (2000). The effet of DL-methionine nd etine on growth performne nd rss hrteristis in roilers. Animl Feed Siene nd Tehnology 87: 85-93. Murie, D. (1998): Tril report: 03 53 97002; Fts&Figures 1504. MDevitt, R.M., Mk, S., nd Wllie, I.R. (2000). Cn etine prtilly reple or enhne the effet of methionine y improving roiler growth nd rss hrteristis? British Poultry Siene 41:473-480. Pesti, G. M. (1989). The nutrition of lile methyl group donors in roiler hikens. Pro. Mrylnd Nutr. Conferene, 145-150. Pilli P. B., Fntio, A. C., Blir, M. E. nd Emmert, J. L. (2006) Homoysteine Remethyltion in Broilers Fed Surfeit Choline or Betine nd Vrying Levels nd Soures of Methionine from Eight to Twenty-Two Dys of Age. Poultry Siene 85:1729 1736 Rm Ro, S. V., Poonm, N. S., Pnd A. K. nd Rju, M. V. L. N. (2008). Betine plys mny roles in roiler diets. Poultry Interntionl, Wtt, July 2008. FF 1573/MSR/07.2008 8
This informtion nd ll further tehnil dvie is sed on our present knowledge nd experiene. However, it implies no liility or other legl responsiility on our prt, inluding with regrd to existing third prty intelletul property rights, espeilly ptent rights. In prtiulr, no wrrnty, whether express or implied, or gurntee of produt properties in the legl sense is intended or implied. We reserve the right to mke ny hnges ording to tehnologil progress or further developments. The ustomer is not relesed from the oligtion to ondut reful inspetion nd testing of inoming goods. Performne of the produt desried herein should e verified y testing, whih should e rried out only y qulified experts in the sole responsiility of ustomer. Referene to trde nmes used y other ompnies is neither reommendtion, nor does it imply tht similr produts ould not e used. FF 1573/MSR/07.2008 9