NEBOSH DIPLOMA IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Licence details RMS Publishing Victoria House, Lower High Street, Stourbridge DY8 1TA RMS Publishing. Unit B Hazardous agents in the workplace Fourth Edition November 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this presentation may be stored in a retrieval system, reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers. This presentation may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form other than that in which it is published, without the prior consent of the Publishers. This presentation may not be reproduced in any form without prior consent of the Publishers other than a single copy thumbnail handout for immediate use by the tutor. Whilst every effort is made to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the information contained herein, RMS can bear no liability for any omission or error. Issued to: Single Licence Licence No: 1 2 ELEMENT B7 PHYSICAL AGENTS 2 RADIATION LEARNING OUTCOMES B7.1 Outline the nature of the different types of ionising and B7.2 Explain the effects of exposure to non-ionising radiation, its measurement and control B7.3 Explain the effects of exposure to ionising radiation, its measurement and control B7.4 Explain the different sources of lasers found in the workplace, the classification of lasers and the control measures 3 4 5 6 Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety 1
Basic concepts - wavelength, energy, frequency Radiation is a form of energy The types of radiation are grouped and labelled according to the amount of energy they have Some of these forms of energy are transmitted by waves called electromagnetic waves The distance between wave peaks is the "wavelength The number of wave peaks passing a given point in one second is the "frequency The higher the peaks, the greater the frequency, the more energy they carry Basic concepts - wavelength, energy, frequency The more energy they carry, the greater the harm they can do to the human body Radiation can be arranged according to its frequency or wavelength into a series called the electromagnetic spectrum 7 8 Electromagnetic wave Electromagnetic spectrum - wavelength, frequency and energy Source: Olympus. The differences between ionising and non-ionising radiation Ionising radiation is that radiation, typically alpha and beta particles and gamma and x-rays, which has sufficient energy to produce ions by interacting with matter Whereas does not possess sufficient energy to cause the ionisation of matter Ionisation 11 12 Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety 2
The nature and types of ionising radiation Alpha particles Beta particles Neutrons X-rays Gamma rays X-ray generation machine Source: BBC. 13 14 Non-ionising radiation wavelengths Radiation Ultraviolet (UV) Visible light Infrared (IR) Microwave and radio frequency Wavelength 100-400 nm (nanometre) 400-780 nm (nanometre) 780-1,000,000 nm (1 mm) 1 mm - 100 m Ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is emitted from very hot bodies, for example electric arcs and the sun It can also be created by an electric discharge through gases It has a wavelength of between 100 to 400 nm This part of the electromagnetic spectrum is further subdivided into three regions according to wavelength 15 16 UV radiation wavelengths Region Wavelength nanometre (nm) UV-A 315-400 UV-B 280-315 UV-C 100-280 Source: NRPB (HPA), Advice on protection against ultraviolet radiation. Visible light Visible light is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye The human eye is sensitive to a range of wavelengths from ~ 400 nanometres (the blue end) to ~ 750 nm (the red end), which sets the limits of the range of the electromagnetic spectrum that relates to visible light It can therefore be described by its wavelength (colour) and its amplitude (intensity) In common with the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum, it is a form of energy that has the characteristics of wave motion 17 18 Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety 3
Infrared (IR) Infrared radiation (IR) relates to the range of invisible radiation wavelengths from about 780 nanometres, just longer than red in the visible spectrum, to wavelengths of 1 millimetre, on the border of the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum This part of the electromagnetic spectrum is further subdivided into three regions according to wavelength Microwave radiation Microwaves are the name given to the electromagnetic radiation between the infrared and radio wave region of the electromagnetic spectrum, with wavelengths typically in the 1mm to 10cm range Microwaves are actually just radio waves of shorter wavelength and therefore higher frequencies As they constitute the highest frequency radio waves they have significant energy related to them 19 20 Radio wave radiation This part of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from a wavelength of approximately 1 mm to thousands of kilometres, there is no defined upper limit to the radio wave wavelength category If microwaves are considered to be in a separate category the remaining part of the radio waves range from approximately 10 cm upwards Radiation relating to these electromagnetic waves contains little energy At the longer wavelengths of this range the photon character of the energy is not apparent and the waves appear to transfer energy in a smooth manner Particulate and non-particulate types of ionising radiation Particulate ionising radiation Particulate ionising radiation refers to the radiation energy carried by moving particles Ionising radiation in the form of a particle includes very small (sub-atomic) particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons Non-particulate ionising radiation Non-particulate ionising radiation refers to the radiation energy carried by electromagnetic waves Electromagnetic waves can vary in energy, frequency and wavelength 21 22 Carbon 14 radioactive decay Role of the International Commission for Radiological Protection The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) was founded in 1928 to advance for the public benefit the science of radiological protection The ICRP provides recommendations and guidance on protection against the risks associated with ionising radiation from artificial sources, as widely used in medicine, general industry and nuclear enterprises, and from naturally occurring sources Reports and recommendations are published four times each year on behalf of the ICRP as the journal 23 24 Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety 4
Role of the Health Protection Agency/Health Protection Scotland The Health Protection Agency The Health Protection Agency's (HPA) role is to provide an integrated approach to protecting UK public health through the provision of support and advice to the NHS, local authorities, emergency services, other arms-length bodies, the Department of Health and the devolved administrations Advisory groups Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation (AGNIR) Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation (AGIR) Radiation, Risk and Society Advisory Group (RRSAG) Role of the Health Protection Agency/Health Protection Scotland Health Protection Scotland Health Protection Scotland (HPS) was established by the Scottish Government in 2005 to strengthen and co-ordinate health protection in Scotland HPS is organised into specialist groups with expertise provided by a multi-disciplinary workforce and includes doctors, nurses, scientists and information staff 25 26 Role of the Environment Agency/Scottish Environment Protection Agency The Environment Agency and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) are the environmental regulators for England and Wales and Scotland respectively Their main role is to protect and improve the environment This is done by assisting organisations to understand their environmental responsibilities, enabling them to comply with legislation and good practice 27 28 Non-ionising radiation SOURCES OF NON-IONISING RADIATION GENERATED IN WORKPLACES AND NATURALLY OCCURRING Ultraviolet Workplaces Curing with UV UV sources in photocopiers and laser printers UV Lasers Welding Germicidal lamps used in water treatment, research and food processing Diagnostic lighting such as foetal/neonatal transilluminators ELEMENT B7 PHYSICAL AGENTS 2 RADIATION PART ONLY SAMPLE 29 30 Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety 5