BIOLOGY Chapter 33 Animal Body: Histology Portion
Tissues: groups of cells with common function Tissue Category Epithelial (covers & lines) Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Tissues to know: Psuedostratified columnar Stratified squamous Connective Fibrous (Loose) Supportive (Dense) Vascular CT Aerola Adipose Fibrous (tendon & ligament) Cartilage (hyaline & elastic) Bone Erythrocytes Leukocytes (5 types) Muscle Skeletal Smooth Cardia Nervous Motor neuron
Epithelial Tissues: Classification Function: Line body cavities and cover surfaces 1) Number of layers Simple/single layered Adapted for diffusion across cell barriers Line glands, and respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems Basement membrane
Epithelial Tissues: Classification Function: Line body cavities and cover surfaces 1) Number of layers Simple/single layered Adapted for diffusion across cell barriers Line glands, and respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems Stratified/multiple layered Provide protection skin surface
Epithelial Tissues: Classification 2) Shape Squamous Flattened cells Line vessels, part of lungs, body surface Cuboidal Cube shaped Form lining of tubules, glands Columnar Column shaped Line respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts
The Basement Membrane Provides Structural Support Basement membrane Provides structural support to overlying cells Attaches epithelial layer to underlying tissues Junctions: hold epithelial cells together Tight junctions nothing passes Adhesion junctions/spot desmosomes Some movement between cells Gap junctions Protein channels
Junctions: hold epithelial cells together Tight junction proteins Intercellular space Protein filaments Intercellular space Protein channel Intercellular space a) Tight junctions form leak-proof seals between cells. b) Adhesion junctions anchor two cells together, yet allow flexibility of movement. c) Gap junctions provide for the direct transfer of water and ions between adjacent cells.
Fig. 33.7, 33.8, 33.9 & 33.10 Epithelial Tissue Protects What does epithelial tissue look like? Simple squamous Lining of lungs, Blood vessels protects Simple cuboidal lining kidney tubules, various glands absorbs molecules Be able to: ID Function(s) Location(s) basement membrane basement membrane Ed Reschke Simple columnar lining of small intestine, oviducts absorbs nutrients Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar lining of trachea sweeps impurities towards that Stratified squamous lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina protects cilia goblet cell secretes mucus goblet cell secretes mucus basement membrane basement membrane basement membrane The basic types of epithelial cells. Ed Reschke
Fig. 33.7, 33.8, 33.9 & 33.10 Epithelial Tissue Protects Simple squamous Lines blood vessels and air sacs of lungs Permits exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases Stratified squamous Outer layer of skin, mouth, vagina Protects against abrasion, drying out, infection Simple cuboidal Lines kidney tubules and glands Secretes and reabsorbs water and small molecules Stratified cuboidal Lines ducts of sweat glands Secretes water and ions Simple columnar Lines most digestive organs Absorbs nutrients, produces mucus Goblet cell Stratified columnar Lines epididymus, mammary glands, larynx Secretes mucus Basement membrane a) Most epithelial tissues line or cover surfaces or body cavities. Figure 4.1a
Epithelial Tissues Glandular epithelia Exocrine glands Secrete into ducts to exterior of body Endocrine glands Secrete into the blood to carry chemical messages throughout the body Exocrine gland Endocrine gland Gland cells b) Glandular epithelia secrete a product. Gland cells Blood flow Figure 4.1b
Connective Tissue General functions 1) Supports softer organs of body 2) Protection of vital organs 3) Transport nutrients & waste 4) Connects parts of body 5) Stores energy/insulation 6) Body defense Extracellular matrix (ECM) ground substance + protein fibers Grd substance fluid or gelatinous or solid
Figure 33.12 Connective Tissue Fiber Types 1) Collagen fibers Very strong, flexible & inelastic fibers Collagen protein 2) Elastic fibers Strong but flexible fibers 3) Reticular fibers Small branching collagen fibers Forms a network or reticulum
Connective Tissue Categories 1) Loose Connective Tissue surrounds many organs lines cavities around blood vessels 2) Dense Connective Tissue forms tendons, ligaments, deeper layers of skin 3) Vascular (Fluid) Connective Tissue Forms blood components Defense O 2 /CO 2 transport
3 main types of Connective Tissue (CT) A. Fibrous (Loose) B. Supportive (Dense) C. Vascular (Fluid) CT cell suffixes -blasts produce -clasts breakdown -cytes mature Types of Connective Tissue Fibrous connective tissue Supportive connective tissue Fluid connective tissue Loose Fibers create loose, open framework Dense Fibers are densely packed Cartilage Solid yet flexible matrix Bone Solid and rigid matrix Blood Contained in blood vessels Lymph Contained in Lymphatic vessels
Figure 33.12-33.17 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports What does loose connective tissue look like? elastic fiber collagen fiber fibroblast Loose fibrous tissue Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Adipose cell: stores fat Ed Reschke Stem cell: divides to produce other types of cells Collagen fiber: unbranched, strong but flexible Ground substance: fills spaces between cells and fibers Elastic fiber: branched and stretchable Blood vessel Fibroblast: divides to produce other types of cells Reticular fiber: branched, thin, and forms network White blood cell: engulfs pathogens or produces antibodies Figures 4.1 and 4.2 Connective tissues (components and knee).
Figure 33.12 Aerolar CT: packing material Elastin fibers Fibroblast Collagen fibers Functions: Support and binding of tissues Holds body fluids Defends the body against infection Stores nutrients as fat Waste removal Found: Subcutaneous layer of skin supports blood vessels, nerves and epithelia around body organs
Figure 33.16 White Adipose Tissue Vacuole containing stored fat Blood vessel Nuclei of fat cells Functions: Energy storage Protects organs fills spaces thermal insulation Found: Around kidneys, heart, eyes, blood vessels (see image above), subcutaneous connective tissue, etc.
Figure 33.13 Dense Regular CT Collagen fibers Nuclei of fibroblasts primarily collagen fibers Functions: Structural support Found: Tendons & ligaments Aponeuroses cornea periosteum
Figure 33.14 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports What do bone and cartilage look like? a) Cartilage Mature cartilage cells, called chondrocytes, become trapped in chambers called lacunae within the hard, rubbery ground substance. Ground substance is composed of collagen fibers, polysaccharides, proteins, and water. Ed Reschke matrix Hyaline cartilage cell within a lacuna Figure 4.2 Connective tissues in the knee.
Figure 33.14 Hyaline Cartilage Chondroblast in lacuna Ground substance Found: articular surface of bones end of nose, fetal skeleton Trachea costal cartilage Figure 4.5a
Hyaline vs elastic cartilage Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Found: articular surface of bones end of nose, fetal skeleton Trachea costal cartilage Found: External ear auditory tube epiglottis
Figure 33.15 (a) Compact bone is a dense matrix on the outer surface of bone. Spongy bone, inside the compact bone, is porous with web-like trabeculae. (b) Compact bone is organized into rings called osteons. Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels are found in the central Haversian canal. Rings of lamellae surround the Haversian canal. Between the lamellae are cavities called lacunae. Canaliculi are microchannels connecting the lacunae together. (c) Osteoblasts surround the exterior of the bone. Osteoclasts bore tunnels into the bone and osteocytes are found in the lacunae.
Bone 2 types are distinguished by types of fibers. 1. Compact made of repeating circular units called osteons Hard matrix, living cells, and blood vessels Location: Shafts of long bones 2. Spongy open latticework with irregular spaces Location: Ends of long bones Figure 33.15 Functions: Structural support & movement (levers) Protection Blood cell production & maturation
Compact Bone Osteon Osteon canal Lamellae Lacunae Osteoblasts Canaliculi Volkmann s Canal Figure 33.15
Figure 33.17 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports C. Vascular or Fluid connective tissue: Blood Made of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular components that are called formed elements 3 formed elements: 1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) cells that carry oxygen 2. White blood cells (leukocytes) cells that fight infection 3. Platelets (thrombocytes) pieces of cells that clot blood
Figure 33.17 C. Vascular or Fluid connective tissue: Blood Blood is a connective tissue that has a fluid matrix, called plasma, and no fibers. Erythrocytes (red blood cells), the predominant cell type, are involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Also present are various leukocytes (white blood cells) involved in immune response.
Vascular Connective Tissue Erythrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC) Agranulocyte Monocyte (3-8%) Macrophage Leukocyte (20-25%) B & T cells Granulocytes Neutrophil (65-75%) Eosinophil (2-4%) Basophill (< 1%)
Vascular Tissue Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils) Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes and Monocytes)
Muscle Tissue Skeletal (striated) muscle Moves body parts Heat production (shivering thermogenesis Voluntary, multinucleated Nuclei Figure 33.18 Width of one muscle cell a) Skeletal muscle (X 100). Skeletal muscle cells are very long and have many nuclei.
Muscle Tissue Cardiac muscle Function moves blood Found: heart Involuntary, single nucleus Figure 33.18 Intercalated Disc (gap junction) Figure 4.6b
Muscle Tissue Smooth muscle Surrounds hollow structures Blood vessels & visceral organs Involuntary, single nucleus Figure 33.18 thin and tapered Figure 4.6c
Artery and Vein
Artery and Vein
Nervous Tissues Transmit Impulses Figure 33.19 Neuron: specialized nervous system cell Function: generate and transmit electrical impulses Structural components: cell body, dendrites, axon Glial cells support neurons Schwann cells Node of Ranvier
A. Nervous tissue - neurons Figure 33.19 Components: dendrite Dendrites info to cell body Neuron dendrite nucleus Cell body (soma) cell body Axon info away from cell body Neuron Astrocyte nucleus cell body Microglia Astrocyte Microglia Oligodendrocyte Oligodendrocyte myelin sheath myelin sheath axon Capillary Capillary dendrite Motor neuron dendrite nucleus cell body axon nucleus cell body axon Micrograph of neuronmicrograph of neuron Ed Reschke
A. Nervous tissue - neuroglia They are a collection of cells that support and nourish neurons. Neuron dendrite cell body nucleus They outnumber neurons 9:1. Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Microglia Examples are oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Capillary myelin sheath axon dendrite nucleus cell body A neuron and examples of supporting neuroglia cells. Micrograph of neuron Ed Reschke