Station One: Nutrition Name that thing! 1. Chemical substances, found in foods, which are used in the human body. 2. Nutrient in human diet where foods are the only possible source of the nutrient. 3. Nutrients that are not needed in diet and another nutrient can be used for the same purpose or can be made by the body. 4. Also known as vitamin C and if lacking can cause scurvy. 5. Poor diet that is low in specific aspects such as protein and caloric intake or to many fats. Match that disease! - Diabetes Type I - Diabetes Type II - Anorexia - PKU - Scurvy - Rickets 1. Voluntary starvation that can result in the breakdown of heart muscle. 2. Auto-immune destruction of insulin-secreting cells in pancreas. 3. Caused by lack of vitamin D which is needed for calcium absorption in intestines. Can be made in skin if exposed to sunlight. 4. Genetic disease caused by gene mutation of enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. Phenylalanine accumulates in the body and there can be a deficiency in tyrosine. 5. Decreased responsiveness of body cells to insulin. 6. Lack of Vitamin C, can be prevented by diet Use the picture to answer the questions below: 1. What part of the brain is involved in appetite control? 2. What cranial nerve is involved in appetite control? 3. Adipose tissue secretes this chemical when amounts of store fat increases. 4. This hormone is made by small intestines when food is present 5. Secreted by pancreas when blood glucose concentration is high
Station Two: Structures of Digestion Label the following parts of the digestive system. Copy the picture below on your paper and label the liver, gallbladder, small intestines, and pancreas. Describe the connection between the four. Name that structure! 1. Stores feces 2. No villi, water absorption 3. Acidic environmnet where pepsin is found. 4. Makes enzymes for small intestine 5. Makes bile and stores glucose as glycogen, removes toxins from blood and breaks down RBC s 6. Contain villi for maximum absorption of nutrients. 7. Stores bile 8. Makes enzymes for small intestines
Station Three: Enzymes Baby! This or that! 1. Enzymes in digestion catalyze condensation / hydrolysis reactions. 2. Small intestines / pancreas produces enzymes needed for digestion. 3. Pancreatic juices is acidic / alkaline to allow enzymes to work at an optimal ph 4. Amylase breaks down starch to maltose / glucose. 5. Pepsin is secreted by cells in the stomach and work best in an acidic / alkaline environment. 6. Enzymes are used in digestion to break apart/ put together large molecules so they can be absorbed. Name that enzyme! Use more than once. 1. Source is pancreas and substrate is lipid. 2. Source is stomach and substrate is polypeptides. 3. Source is pancreas and salivary glands and substrate is polysaccharide. 4. Product is maltose 5. Product is amino acid 6. Product is fatty acids and glycerol 7. Only enzyme that works best in an acidic environment. Fill in the chart: A man just ate 5 slices of pizza with cheesy stuffed crust. List all the organs, and the enzyme(s) that will aid in his digestion of the LIPIDS in this pizza. You need to list the enzyme s substrate and products. Put this on a separate sheet of paper and staple to your worksheet.
Answer: Mouth aids in chewing and breaking down the cheese into smaller parts, Pancreas will make and secrete lipase, an enzyme that digests triglycerides, in the small intestine. Lipases digests triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, at a ph of 7. Fatty acids will be absorbed through the villi of the small intestine, through diffusion, from the small intestine and into the lacteal of the villus. From there, capillaries surrounding the lacteal will carry the blood to arteries and veins, distributing it to other cells in the body.
Station Four: Absorption and Assimilation 1. Define absorption: 2. Define Assimilation: 3. Where are villi found? 4. Where are microvilli found? 5. Below is a labeled structure of the villus. Explain how four structures of the villus are related to the role of the villus in absorption. This, That or both! Choose from assimilation, absorption, both 1. Enzymes to synthesize new molecules 2. Blood capillaries 3. Correct ph 4. Microvilli 5. Dissolved nutrients Label the following as assimilation or absorption:
Answer: microvilli increase surface area of absorption; epithelium / one layer of cells provides a thin layer to enhance absorption / small distance for diffusion; protein channels (in membrane of microvilli) allow facilitated diffusion; mitochondria (for energy) present for active transport; blood capillaries close to epithelium / surface membrane reduce distance / increase speed for diffusion; blood capillaries carry away glucose / amino acids / nutrients; lacteal carry away fats / fatty acids / glycerol; Accept any of the above points in a clearly drawn annotated diagram.
Station Five: Da Liver! Label the parts of the picture: Fill in the blanks below: Nutrient Storage Carbohydrate Glucose is stored in hepatocytes as A. This process is controlled by pancreatic hormones (insulin and glucagon) Iron Iron is a component of hemoglobin. The liver breaks down dead B and stores the iron as ferritin. Vitamin C Is part of the visual pigment rhodopsin. The liver stores retinol for use in vision Vitamin D Vitamin D helps in the uptake of calcium and can be made by the D. The liver stores calciferol for use in skeletal development (deficiency can cause rickets) On to next page ->
Fill in the blank and match with corresponding part in chart 2 Erythrocytes circulate in blood stream for days Heme is converted to which is secreted in bile from the liver. 5 Erythrocyte membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down into acids, some of which are used to make new erythrocytes. form in red bone marrow Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver by cells Iron is transported in the blood by the protein transferrin and stored in the liver. Heme components of blood are recycle
Station Six: Gas Exchange This or that! Ventilation or Respiration 1. Supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. 2. Muscle movement to move fresh air into alveoli 3. Change in volume of thoracic cavity 4. Cellular energy production from glucose 5. Inhalation and expiration 6. Glycolysis and Krebs cycle This or that! Inhalation or Expiration 1. Contraction of diaphragm 2. Relaxation of diaphragm 3. Volume of lungs decreases, pressure increase 4. Contraction of external intercostal 5. Contraction of internal intercostal 6. Chest rises 7. Volume of lungs increases, pressure decreases Name that thing: 1. Prevents membranes of alveoli from sticking together during expiration. 2. Thin cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange in alveoli. 3. Gas that moves out of alveoli into capillary. 4. Smallest structure of lungs where exchanging of gasses occurs. 5. Secretes the surfactant found in the alveoli. 6. Gas that moves from capillaries into alveoli 7. Surround alveoli and are constantly transporting aiding in transporting oxygen away so concentration gradient is maintained. 8. Disease that results in small surface area and large spaces with few capillaries in lungs. Answer the following questions using the pictures below. 1. At what letter shows oxygen moving from an area of high to low concentration? 2. What letter is labeling the trachea? 3. What letter is labeling a red blood cell containing hemoglobin that will pick up oxygen and transport it around body? 4. At what letter is carbon dioxide moving from an area of high to low concentration? 5. What letter is labeling the alveoli? (2 answers) 6. What letter is bronchi? 7. What letter is labeling the capillary which aids in maintaining a concentration gradient for the gasses? 8. What letter is labeling bronchioles? ( 2 answers)