Study Guide 23, 24 & 47 STUDY GUIDE SECTION 23-3 Bacteria and Humans Name Period Date 1. One bacterial disease that is transmitted by contaminated drinking water is a. Lyme disease b. gonorrhea c. tuberculosis d. cholera 2. A poison that is released from the outer membrane of dead gram-negative bacteria is called a. a pathogen b. an endotoxin c. an exotoxin d. a broad-spectrum toxin 3. Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by a. secreting antibiotics. b. assisting the passage of antibiotics through the cell wall. c. acquiring an R-plasmid for resistance. d. growing only on Petri dishes. Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Identify three ways that bacteria can be transmitted from person to person: A. B. C. 2. Name one bacterial disease that affects: A. nerves- B. the intestine- C. the skin- 3. Explain how these antibiotics work: A. Penicillin- B. Tetracycline- 4. Explain how naturally occurring antibiotics work: Page 1 of 10
5. Explain three ways to avoid foodborne illnesses. A. B. C. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The diagram below shows a Petri dish containing a bacterial culture and four paper disks (labeled A-D) treated with different antibiotics. The concentrations of all four antibiotics are the same. Dark areas on the dish indicate bacterial growth, and clear areas indicate inhibition of bacterial growth. State whether the bacteria in this culture are very sensitive, moderately sensitive, or insensitive to each antibiotic, and explain your reasoning. A. - B. - C. - D. - Page 2 of 10
STUDY GUIDE SECTION 24-1 Viral Structure and Replication 1. Viruses are not alive because they a. do not grow. b. lack cell parts. c. do not metabolize. d. All of these. 2. Viruses can reproduce a. independently of host cells. b. independently of host cells if they first take up organelles from the host cells. c. only within host cells. d. only with the assistance of other viruses. 3. The enzyme reverse transcriptase uses a. DNA as a template to make more DNA. c. RNA as a template to make more RNA. b. DNA as a template to make RNA. d. RNA as a template to make DNA. Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Explain why viruses are not considered living organisms. 2. Briefly explain what happens when a virus enters the lytic cycle. 3. Briefly explain what happens when a virus enters the lysogenic cycle. 4. What kind of factors can cause a prophage to become virulent? Page 3 of 10
5. Explain why a person must receive a different flu vaccination each year to be protected against the flu. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The diagrams below represent five steps in the Lytic cycle of a bacteriophage. Arrange the steps in numerical order, 1-5. STUDY GUIDE SECTION 24-2 Viral Diseases 1. One viral disease that can occur in childhood and then appear in adulthood in a more serious form is a. chickenpox b. smallpox c. rabies d. hepatitis 2. The most successful approach to controlling viral diseases has been the use of a. antibiotics b. antiviral drugs c. viroids d. vaccines 3. Which of the following viral diseases is now considered to be eradicated? a. chickenpox b. smallpox c. rabies d. hepatitis Page 4 of 10
Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Explain the relationship between shingles and chickenpox. 2. Name two methods, other than vaccination, for controlling viral diseases. 3. Explain how an emerging virus might suddenly appear in a human population. 4. Name four viruses that can cause diseases that are often fatal: A. C. B. D. 5. Give an example of a vector of a viral disease and name the disease it transmits. A. Vector: B. Disease: STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Identify the structures labeled a-e in the diagram of the human immunodeficiency virus shown below. Page 5 of 10
STUDY GUIDE SECTION 47-1 Nonspecific Defense 1. Mucus serves as a nonspecific defense to pathogens by a. being secreted by the skin. c. digesting pathogens. b. capturing pathogens. d. secreting cytokines. 2. Which of the following statements is false? a. Fever stimulates the body s defense mechanisms. b. Fever suppresses the growth of certain bacteria. c. fever activates cellular enzymes. d. Fever promotes the action of white blood cells. 3. Natural Killer cells are a. specialized red blood cells. c. phagocytes. b. infected cells. d. none of these/ 4. An inflammatory response is initiated by a. release of histamines. c. fever. b. pathogens. d. drying of mucous membranes. Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Explain the four principles to Koch s postulates. A. B. C. D. Page 6 of 10
2. How are neutrophils involved in the body s defense against pathogens? 3. Explain how interferon inhibits viruses. 4. Explain how the first line of defense protects the body against pathogens. 5. Explain how Natural killer cells differ from macrophages. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Use the table below to answer the following questions. 1. The table lists the steps that occur in the inflammatory response. Put the steps in the correct order by writing the numbers 1-5 in the table under the column labeled Order. 2. Why is an increase in the permeability of capillaries essential to the inflammatory response? _ 3. Explain how applying ice to a wounded area to reduce blood flow to the area affect the inflammatory response? Page 7 of 10
STUDY GUIDE SECTION 47-2 Specific Defenses: The Immune System 1. Which of the following are not lymphocytes? a. memory cells b. helper T cells c. macrophages d. B cells 2. Bone marrow is considered part of the immune system because it a. filters pathogens from the blood. c. produces white blood cells. b. drains into the lymphatic system d. produces plasm cells. 3. B cells a. are involved with the humoral immune response. b. kill infected cells. c. mature within the thymus. d. are derived from plasma cells. 4. Interleukins are secreted by a. cytotoxic T cells b. helper T cells c. plasma cells d. all of these. 5. Cell-mediated immune responses require a. production of antibodies. c. B cells. b. helper T cells. d. a secondary immune response. Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. What signal does a T cell require in order to divide? 2. Explain how vaccinations provide immunity. 3. How do antibodies provide defense from viruses? Page 8 of 10
4. Describe the function of the spleen and bone marrow: A. Spleen- B. Bone marrow- STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Use figure 47-6 to draw Antigen- Receptor Binding. Fill the space below and color your drawing. STUDY GUIDE SECTION 47-3 HIV and AIDS 1. A diagnosis of AIDS is made when a person has a. an HIV infection c. few T cells b. few B cells d. All of these. 2. Which of the following is a route of HIV transmission? a. breathing air in a room with a person with AIDS. b. touching a person infected with HIV. c. sharing hypodermic needles. d. insect bites. Page 9 of 10
3. The most common means of HIV transmission is a. sexual intercourse with a person infected with HIV. b. blood transfusion. c. shaking hands with a person with AIDS. d. performing experiments with HIV. 4. Vaccines against HIV are difficult to design because HIV a. is a retrovirus. c. changes rapidly. b. is difficult to isolate. is not detectable. 5. HIV begins to reproduce a. when AIDS occurs. c. months after infection. b. shortly after infection. d. all of these. Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Is HIV the primary cause of death in people with AIDS? Explain your answer. 2. Can a person be infected with HIV but not exhibit AIDS? Explain your answer. 3. Describe two ways that HIV can be transmitted: A. B. 4. Explain the difference between HIV and AIDS. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Use the graph below to answer the following question. The graph shows a decrease in the number of helper T cells in a person with HIV over time. 1. In this person, how many years after infection did the onset of aids occur? Page 10 of 10