Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Annual Progress Report: Formula Grant Reporting Period January, June, Formula Grant Overview The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research received $6,99 in formula funds for the grant award period January, through December,. Accomplishments for the reporting period are described below. Research Project : Project Title and Purpose -Deoxyglucose and Hydroxyethyl Disulfide in Improving the Response of Human Colon Cancer Cells to Radiation Hydroxyethyl disulfide (HEDS) inhibits the function of DNA repair protein and glutathione resulting in a better response of oxidative pentose phosphate cycle deficient or glucose deprived cancer cells to radiation. However, it is not efficient in improving the response of glucose containing cancer cells to radiation due to its detoxification by the oxidative pentose phosphate cycle, which requires glucose for its function. Increasing the susceptibility of the glucose containing tumor cells to HEDS is clinically relevant since all tumor cells are not glucose deprived. We will determine the effects of HEDS and -deoxyglucose, a competitive inhibitor of pentose cycle, in increasing the radiation response of glucose containing human cancer cells. Anticipated Duration of Project // // Project Overview Preliminary results have demonstrated that hydroxyethyl disulfide (HEDS), a non-toxic oxidant, increases the response of glucose deprived cancer cells to radiation by inhibiting the function of DNA repair protein and glutathione. HEDS has no significant effect in cells with a functioning oxidative pentose phosphate cycle, which uses glucose for the detoxification of HEDS. These results have raised the possibility to target therapy resistant hypoxic cancer cells since hypoxic cells are also glucose deprived in solid tumors. Our preliminary studies have demonstrated that HEDS treatment showed a significant (5% better) improvement in the response of breast tumor xenograft to DNA damaging agents. Although a significant percentage of cancer cells in solid tumors may be glucose deprived, which can be targeted by HEDS, increasing the susceptibility of the rest of the glucose containing tumor cells to HEDS will further improve tumor response to cancer therapy. -deoxy-d-glucose (-DG), a small molecule inhibitor of the oxidative pentose phosphate cycle that uses glucose to detoxify HEDS, is currently used for the positron emission Pennsylvania Department of Health - Annual C.U.R.E. Report Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Formula Grant Page
tomography imaging of tumors in patients since it specifically accumulates in tumors. The better retention time of -DG specifically in tumors compared to normal tissues has led to a series of investigations for its use in cancer therapy. Although there was promising preclinical evidence for its antitumor property, recent studies have demonstrated that -DG needs to be used up to mm in vitro to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation. In this project, we will determine the combined use of non-toxic -DG and HEDS in improving the response of human colon cancer cells to radiation. All of our studies will be carried out in human colon cancer cells with various concentrations of HEDS and -DG. A state-of-the-art high pressure liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection and other biochemical assays will be used to determine whether i) -DG is effective in inhibiting the detoxification of HEDS, ii) -DG is effective in increasing HEDS mediated oxidation of glutathione and proteins and inhibition of the function of DNA repair protein Ku and iii) the combined treatment of HEDS and -DG increases the response of human colon cancer cells to radiation. Principal Investigator Iraimoudi S. Ayene, PhD Associate Professor Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Lancaster Avenue Wynnewood, PA 996 Other Participating Researchers George Prendergast, PhD; Jie Li, MD, PhD employed by Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Albert DeNittis, MD Lankenau Medical Center Expected Research Outcomes and Benefits Glutathione and DNA repair proteins play a major role in the resistance of cancer cells to various therapies including radiation. Our previous studies have shown that hydroxyethyl disulfide (HEDS) improves the response of cancer cells deprived of glucose by targeting DNA repair protein and glutathione, which play a major role in radiation resistance. Although this has clinical relevance since glucose deprivation is common in solid tumors that cause resistance to radiation, the efficiency of HEDS as a radiation sensitizer could be much improved by targeting glucose containing cancer cells. Our proposed studies will determine the efficacy of combined treatment of HEDS and -deoxy-d-glucose (-DG) in improving the response of cancer cells to radiation. -DG is known to reduce the glucose level in cancer cells resulting in the inhibition of the oxidative pentose cycle that is involved in the protection of DNA repair protein and glutathione. The combined treatment of HEDS and -DG is expected to increase the response of cancer cells to radiation by targeting DNA repair protein and glutathione even in glucose containing cancer cells. The use of -DG to induce a low glucose tumor microenvironment is advantageous since it is currently used in the clinic for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tumors. Additionally, -DG is not toxic to normal tissues since it specifically accumulates in tumor. This approach is the first ever to increase the response of cancer cells by Pennsylvania Department of Health - Annual C.U.R.E. Report Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Formula Grant Page
targeting DNA repair protein and glutathione using non-toxic -DG in combination with HEDS. In conclusion, our approach is innovative since it consists of an experimental test of a novel hypothesis that inhibition of detoxification of HEDS, inhibition of functions of glutathione and DNA repair proteins by combined treatment of HEDS and -DG can improve the response of cancer cells to radiation. Summary of Research Completed The goal of this project is to determine the efficacy of the combined treatment of -DG and HEDS in increasing the sensitivity of human cancer cells with glucose to radiation. Our preliminary studies indicated that glucose deprived cells or cells impaired with OPPC activity are susceptible to HEDS mediated radiation sensitization. However, this approach does not enhance the response of cells with glucose to radiation since HEDS is detoxified by oxidative pentose cycle, which requires glucose. -deoxy-d-glucose (-DG) is known to reduce the glucose level in cancer cells, which is expected to result in the inhibition of the oxidative pentose cycle that is involved in the protection of DNA repair protein and glutathione. The combined treatment of HEDS and -DG is expected to increase the response of cancer cells to radiation by targeting DNA repair protein and glutathione even in glucose containing cancer cells. The use of -DG to induce a low glucose tumor microenvironment is advantageous since it is currently used in the clinic for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tumors. Additionally, -DG is not toxic to normal tissues since it specifically accumulates in tumor. In the first six months of the funding period, we have initiated several studies to test the efficacy of hydroxyethyl disulfide (HEDS) in improving the response of human colon cancer cells (HCT6 and HT9) to -DG mediated inhibition of HEDS detoxification and modulation of cellular thiol redox. As part of specific aim, we determined whether -DG inhibit the detoxification of HEDS in human colon cancer cells. We used two established human colon cancer cells (HCT6, HT9) obtained from ATCC, USA. All experiments were carried out at a single concentration of cells ( million) grown in a 6mm dish or 96 well plates with DMEM medium with %FCS, % penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) and mm HEPES. These cells were rinsed four times with DMEM without glucose (hereafter called as DMEM-G) to remove the residual glucose in the dish. DMEM-G rinsed cells were incubated for four hours with one ml of DMEM-G containing different concentrations of normal glucose. After hr glucose incubation, cells were exposed to different concentrations of -deoxyglucose (-DG) and hydroxyethyl disulfide (HEDS) at 7 o C in a 5% CO incubator. The HEDS detoxification, i.e. conversion of HEDS into sulfhydryl by the human colon cancer cells, was measured by quantifying the sulfhydryl compound in the extracellular medium produced by bioreduction of HEDS. To quantify the disulfide metabolism,.5 ml of extracellular medium was mixed with.5 ml of mm sulfosalicyclic acid (SSA) lysis buffer in microfuge tubes and centrifuged in a microfuge. The medium extract was used for the analysis of the HEDS detoxification. In these series of experiments, we have tested the efficacy of,,,, 5,, 5, mm - deoxyglucose on the detoxification of different concentrations of HEDS (,.,.,.,.6,.8, Pennsylvania Department of Health - Annual C.U.R.E. Report Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Formula Grant Page
,,,, 5, mm) in physiologically relevant 5mM normal glucose. The results demonstrated that at higher than 5mM concentrations, -DG inhibited the detoxification of HEDS by human colon (Figures 7). Based on these results in figures 7, we tested the efficacy of 5 and mm of -DG in the detoxification of 5mM HEDS in,,,,, 5mM concentrations of normal glucose to mimic the microenvironment of solid tumors, which are known to have to 5mM normal glucose in different regions of tumor. The results in figure 8, which compares the effects of -DG in vs, showed that the detoxification of HEDS is inhibited by 95% in the absence of glucose alone without -DG. Surprisingly, the detoxification of HEDS in mm glucose is inhibited by 8% in the presence of -DG either at 5 or mm suggesting that -DG may also be a substrate but a weak one as compared to glucose for oxidative pentose phosphate cycle. A similar trend was also observed in the presence of mm glucose. However, a slight but significant -DG concentration dependent decrease in HEDS detoxification was observed in cells treated with to 5mM normal glucose (Figures 8 ). Although similar trend was observed in HT9 human colon cancer cells, the HT9 cells are slightly resistant to -DG mediated inhibition of HEDS detoxification (Figures 7). As part of specific aim, we determined whether -DG is effective in increasing HEDS mediated oxidation of total non protein thiols. Using similar treatment conditions described above, we estimated the effect of -DG and HEDS on intracellular non-protein thiol (GSH). To quantify the intracellular thiols, the extracellular medium was removed after the incubation of cells with and without HEDS in the presence of to 5mM normal glucose and the cells rinsed three times with PBS. The attached cells were lysed with.5 ml of ice cold SSA lysis buffer and.5 ml water. After 5 min on ice, the cells were scraped with a teflon spatula, transferred into a microfuge, centrifuged and the supernatant used for analysis. We tested the effect of 5 and mm of -DG with and without 5mM HEDS in,,,,, 5mM concentrations of normal glucose on the intracellular thiols. The thiol level was not significantly affected by either 5mM or mm -DG alone in cells without HEDS at any of the concentrations (-5mM) of normal glucose (Figures 8 7). However, the results in figure 8, which compares the effects of -DG in vs, showed that the thiol level was decreased by 9% in the absence of glucose alone without -DG but only in the presence of HEDS. Surprisingly, under these conditions, the thiol level in mm glucose is decreased by only 7% in the presence of -DG either at 5 or mm in the presence of HEDS. Similar trend was also observed in the presence of mm glucose (Figure 9). However, the thiol level was not significantly affected by -DG in cells with to 5mM normal glucose even in the presence of HEDS. Although similar trend was observed in HT9 human colon cancer cells, these cells are slightly resistant to HEDS mediated depletion of thiol (figures 7). These results demonstrated that -DG significantly decreased the detoxification of HEDS suggesting that a combination of HEDS and -DG would be more effective in killing the cancer cells than either drug alone. Although the results showed that -DG is not effective in decreasing the bioreduction of HEDS at higher concentration ( - 5mM) of normal glucose in the medium, the data suggested that longer exposure time than the hrs exposure used in the current experiments may exhibit a better effect on the thiol level. Pennsylvania Department of Health - Annual C.U.R.E. Report Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Formula Grant Page
.....6.8.... 5.. / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 (O.D. at nm).....6.8.... 5.......6.8.... 5.......6.8.... 5.. (O.D. at nm) (O.D. at nm) (O.D. at nm).....6.8.... 5.......6.8.... 5.......6.8.... 5.. (O.D. at nm) (O.D. at nm) (O.D. at nm) Effect of mm -deoxyglucose (-DG) on mm DG mm DG Effect of mm -deoxyglucose (-DG) on mm DG mm DG Effect of mm -deoxyglucose (-DG) on mm DG mm DG Figure Figure Figure Effect of 5mM -deoxyglucose (-DG) on mm DG 5mM DG Effect of mm -deoxyglucose (-DG) on mm DG mm DG Effect of 5mM -deoxyglucose (-DG) on mm DG 5mM DG Figure Figure 5 Figure 6 Effect of mm -deoxyglucose (-DG) on mm DG mm DG Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm colon 5 m M glucose 5 Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm colon 5 5 mm glucose 5 5 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Pennsylvania Department of Health - Annual C.U.R.E. Report Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Formula Grant Page 5
/ /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm colon 5 mm glucose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm colon 5 mm glucose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm colon 5 5m M gluc ose m M glucose 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Figure Figure Figure Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm colon cancer cells HT9 5m M gluc ose m M gluc ose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm colon cancer cells HT9 5 m M glucose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm colon cancer cells HT9 5 m M glucose 75 5 5 75 5 5 75 5 5 5 75 Figure Figure Figure 5 Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm colon cancer cells HT9 mm glucose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm colon cancer cells HT9 5 75 mm glucose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm mm glucose 5 5 5 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Pennsylvania Department of Health - Annual C.U.R.E. Report Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Formula Grant Page 6
/ /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 / /5 5/ / /5 Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm m M gluc ose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm mm glucose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm m M glucose Figure 9 Figure Figure Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm m M glucose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm cancer cells HT9 m M glucose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm cancer cells HT9 mm glucose Figure Figure Figure Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm cancer cells HT9 5m M gluc ose m M gluc ose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm cancer cells HT9 m M glucose Effect of DG (5 and mm) and mm cancer cells HT9 m M glucose Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Pennsylvania Department of Health - Annual C.U.R.E. Report Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Formula Grant Page 7