Vaccine Design and Manufacturing Liting Bi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vaccine 1
Outline Vaccine Intro. 4 Vaccine Types 2 Manufacturing Methods 2 Tests & Applications Take-home messages 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_me5ef0ne4 3
HA & NA Hemagglutinin (HA) & Neuraminidase (NA) Viral surface glycoproteins Type A, most common subtypes: H1N1, H3N2 Vary in structure, #1H and #1N on surface challenge to effective vaccine design (daughter virus) World Heal. Organ. 2011 2011, 1. 4
Genetic Drift Type A cause the most severe illness tendency to mutate its H and N glycoproteins during replication mutated virus enough differ H and N pr. to evade antibodies, infected https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_me5ef0ne4 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) 5
Creating Vaccines 1. How your immune system responds to the germ? 2. Who needs to be vaccinated against the germ? 3. The best technology or approach to create the vaccine? https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types/index.html 6
4 main types of vaccines 1. Live-attenuated vaccines 2. Inactivated vaccines 3. Subunit vaccines 4. Toxoid vaccines https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types/index.html 7
1 st Vaccine --- Smallpox Edward Jenner, 18th cowpox inoculation Live-attenuated vaccine vaccines similar to the natural infection they help prevent strong and long-lasting immune response latin word for cow, vacca, and the vaccinia virus of coxpox, gave the name to vaccination. Riedel, S. Proc. (Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent). 2005, 18 (1), 21. 8
Live-attenuated vaccines Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) Weakened Virus that is sprayed into the nose so that it can infect the epithelial cells Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine) Rotavirus Chickenpox Yellow fever Shingles 9
Limitations small amount of the weakened live virus --- people with weakened immune systems need to be kept cool (limited access) 10
Inactivated vaccines Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (TIV) Flu shot KILLED virus injected into muscles Mixture of three strains predicted to dominate the coming season two strains, H1 and H3, for influenza A and one strain for B (WHO) 15 μg of each component virulent micro-organisms destroyed with chemicals, heat, or radiation Any person aged 6 months or older Hepatitis A, Polio (shot only), Rabies 11
The flowchart of the cell-based inactivated influenza vaccine. Milián, E.; Kamen, A. A. Biomed Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 504831. 12
Limitations don t provide immunity (protection) that s as strong as live vaccines several doses over time (booster shots) in order to get ongoing immunity against diseases 13
Subunit vaccines use specific pieces of the germ like its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casing around the germ) give a very strong immune response that s targeted to key parts of the germ used on almost everyone who needs them (people with weakened immune systems and long-term health problems) booster shots Hepatitis B HPV (Human papillomavirus) 14
Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that causes a disease the immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ booster shots Diphtheria Tetanus http://present5.com/infection-and-infectious-process-1-infection-classification-of/ 15
Vaccines Producing 1. Antigen Generation 2. Release and isolation of the antigen 3. Purification (protein size, physico-chemical properties or binding affinity) 4. Addition of other components (adjuvant, stabilizers) 5. Packaging https://www.vaccineseurope.eu/about-vaccines/key-facts-on-vaccines/how-are-vaccines-produced/ 16
Timeline for seasonal influenza vaccine production in the Northern Hemisphere. 6 months 150 million injectable doses Necessary for American population Milián, E.; Kamen, A. A. Biomed Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 504831. 17
Two Manufacturing Methods Egg-based Vaccines Cell-based Vaccines 18
Egg-Based Vaccines Viruses are grown on using fertilised eggs (influenza vaccine) Virus-containing fluid (excellent yield) Safety and Effectiveness Egg protein risk- food allergies National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) 19
Cell-Based Animal Cell market needs faster and in shorter production cycles greater process control more reliable and wellcharacterized product cells must be free from adventitious virus Avian flu vaccine development by reverse genetics techniques. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) 20
2 antibody response tests Hemagglutination Inhibition Testing Microneutralization assays 21
Hemagglutination Inhibition Testing (HAI/HI) The main method used to investigate immune responses to vaccination against influenza H1N1 (2009) virus. HI assay is the least expensive test 22
HAI Titer The highest dilution of serum that prevents hemagglutination the greatest dilution of antibody still blocked hemagglutination was at 1280 dilution. At this dilution, the antibodies were still capable of recognizing and binding to the antigens on the virus. 23
Microneutralization (MN) assays more sensitive and more specific whether or not an individual has antibodies that can neutralize the infectivity of a given virus strain The serum blocks virus infection at the 1:2 and 1:4 dilutions, but less at 1:8 and not at all at 1:16. serum dilution tested in triplicate, more accuracy. In this sample, the neutralization titer would be 4, the reciprocal of the last dilution at which infection was completely blocked. 24
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Case Study #1: Occupational exposure to new influenza virus that infects cows 2 methods to measure the amount of anti-influenza virus antibodies in a given volume of serum evaluate whether the participants had antibodies to IDV (Influenza D virus) MN is more sensitive White, S. K. et al., J. A. J. Clin. Virol. 2016, 81, 31. 26
Case Study #2: antibody responses 43 healthy individuals before and 21 days after vaccination 27
The titer increases of healthy individuals after vaccination against pandemic influenza H1N1 (2009) virus. With regard to seasonal influenza, an HI titer of 1:40 is considered commonly to indicate immune protection as described in vaccination trials 28
Conclusion 4 main types of vaccines Live, Inactivated, Subunit, and Toxoid 2 manufacturing methods Egg and Cell- based vaccines 2 antibody response tests HAI & MN 29
Future Work more data on humans need to be collected search for a universal vaccine move from a once-per-year model to a once-every-10-years approach https://theconversation.com/influenza-the-search-for-a-universal-vaccine-68947 30
Reference (1) Riedel, S. Proc. (Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent). 2005, 18 (1), 21. (2) Halloran, M. E.; Longini, I. M.; Struchiner, C. J.; Longini, I. M. Design and analysis of vaccine studies; Springer, 2010. (3) Schofield, T. L. Biologicals 2009, 37 (6), 387. (4) Mameli, C.; D auria, E.; Erba, P.; Nannini, P.; Zuccotti, G. V. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 2018, 18 (1), 1. (5) Paules, C. I.; Sullivan, S. G.; Subbarao, K.; Fauci, A. S. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018, 378 (1), 7. (6) WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network. World Heal. Organ. 2011 2011, 1. (7) White, S. K.; Ma, W.; McDaniel, C. J.; Gray, G. C.; Lednicky, J. A. J. Clin. Virol. 2016, 81, 31. (8) Milián, E.; Kamen, A. A. Biomed Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 504831. 31
Thank You All!! Questions? 32
Antigens are very small amounts of weak or dead germs that can cause diseases. They help your immune system learn how to fight off infections faster and more effectively. The flu virus is an example of an antigen. Adjuvants, which are in some vaccines, are substances that help your immune system respond more strongly to a vaccine. This increases your immunity against the disease. Aluminum is an example of an adjuvant. 33