El Habbasha, S.F. ; M. Hozayn and M.A. Khalafallah

Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(6): 966-971, 007 007, INSInet Publication Integration Effect between Phosphorus Levels and Bio-fertilizers on Quality and Quantity Yield of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) in Newly Cultivated Sandy Soils 1 1 El Habbasha, S.F. ; M. Hozayn and M.A. Khalafallah 1 Field Crop Research Department. Agricultural Microbiology Department, Division of Agricultural and Biology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. Abstract: The coincident application of biofertilizer is frequently recommended firstly for improving biological, physical and chemical properties of soil and secondly to get clean agricultural products free of undesirable high doses of heavy metals and oer pollutant rough reducing e doses of macro chemical fertilizers. Two field experiments were conducted at e Agricultural Research Station, National Research Centre, El-Naubaria Province, El Behara Governorate, Egypt during e two successive winter seasons 005-06 and 006-07 to investigate e combination of eier Rhizobium, Nitrobein or Rhizobium + Nitrobein associated wi zero, 15, 30 or 45 Kg PO 5 /faddan on quality and quantity yield of faba bean in cultivated sandy soils. The results indicated at increasing phosphorous levels from zero to 45 kg PO 5/faddan in combination wi Rhizobium, Nitrobein or Rhizobium + Nitrobein increased significantly e most of studied characters compared to control treatment. Application of phosphorous fertilizer wi 30 or 45 kg PO 5/faddan associated wi Rhizobium + Nitrobein mixed inoculums gave e highest value of e mot studied parameters i.e., leaves and stems dry weight at 60 and 90 DAS, yield and its components and NPK contents in seeds and straw and NPK uptake. The combined of 30 or 45 kg PO 5 / faddan associated wi Rhizobium + Nitrobein mixed inoculums could be applied to get high quantity and quality yield of faba bean in cultivated sandy soils. Key words: Faba bean, biofertilizer, phosphorus, yield, chemical composition, sandy soils INTRODUCTION Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is considered one of e most important legume crops in Egypt. It is used for human consumption as a good source of vegetarian protein. However, e cultivated area from faba bean in 005 reached to 198,000 faddan. This area gives total [15] production 1.8 million ardab. It is very important to increase e productivity of unit area of faba bean to face e increasing demand by using different agricultural practices i.e. high quality varieties, recommended fertilization, weed control and etc. Phosphorus is very important nutrient for crop grow and high yield wi good quality. It plays a key role in metabolic process such as e conversion of sugar into starch and cellulose. As a result, phosphorus deficiency causes stunting, delayed maturity and shriveled seeds. In sandy soils, may have some nutrient problems such as less fertility in general and less availability of some elements such as phosphorus in case of high PH value. In e context, yield and its components showed a positive response to phosphorus [1] [1] fertilizers, Soheir Mokhtar, Abdalla, El Douby [6] [] et al., and Abou Hussien et al.,. Also, ey reported at plant height, number of pods and seeds/plant as well as weight of pods and seeds/plant, seed, straw and biological yield/faddan and seed protein percentage were increased due to phosphorus fertilizer applications. Amongst e species of grain legumes, faba bean is one of e best N fixers. Under temperate condition, [8] Maidl et al., recorded N fixation in faba bean in e range of 165-40 kg N /ha wi a net gain to e system of 84 kg N /ha when only grain was removed. [7] Jensen reported 186 kg N /ha symbiotically fixed N by faba bean wi a corresponding percentage of N derived from e air (%Ndfa) of 66%. Some investigators reported at seed inoculation wi nitrogen fixers could improve grow, yield and yield [11,16,3] attributes of faba bean. Also, ey reported at seed inoculation wi bio-fertilization significantly improved most of e studied yield and yield attributes. Growing faba bean in sandy soils usually need an integration between e bacterial inoculation and mineral fertilization for producing high quality and quantity yield. Thus, is investigation aimed to study e effect of bacterial inoculation, phosphorus Corresponding Auor: El Habbasha, S.F., Field Crop Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. 966

Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 3(6): 966-971, 007 fertilization levels and eir combinations on yield and yield attributes and chemical traits of faba bean. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two filed experiments were carried out at e Agricultural Production and Research Station, National Research Centre, El Nobaria Province, El Behara Governorate, Egypt during e two successive winter seasons of 005-006 and 006-007. Soil sample were taken at deps of 30 and 60 cm for mechanical and chemical analysis as described by Chapman and Pratt [5] (Table 1). A randomized complete block design wi ree replicates was used. The experimental unit area was 10.5 m consisting of five rows (3.5 m long and 60 cm between rows). Faba bean seeds were sown on November 7 and 11 in e first and second seasons, respectively. The seeds (cv Msar - 1) were coated just before sowing wi e bacterial inoculants (Rhizobium and Nitrobein), using Arabic gum (40%) as adhesive agent and sown in hills spaced 0 cm apart on bo sides of ridge, after 1 days from sowing, e plants were inned to two plants per hill. Phosphorus fertilizer, as calcium superphosphate, (15.5% PO 5) in four levels, i.e. 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg PO 5/faddan were applied during seed bed preparation. Nitrogen fertilizer has been added at e rate of N/faddan as ammonium sulfate, (0.6 % N) in ree equal doses at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowing. Also, 50 kg potassium sulfate (48 % KO) was added in two equal doses at 30 and 45 DAS. Sprinkler irrigation was applied as plants needed. Faba bean plants were manually harvested on April 10 and 0 in e first and second season, respectively. Bo single and mixed real based inoculation Leguminosea spp, Rhizobium at a concentration of 10 6 colony forming unit/g and Nitrobein inoculums which contains Azotobacter and Azospirillum microorganisms, 7 at a concentration of 10 colony forming unit/g were used. Data Recorded: Grow Parameters: At 60 and 90 days after sowing ten faba bean plants were randomly taken from each plot to determine plant height. Also, Stems and leaves were separated and oven dried at 70 OC until constant weights, en dry weight of each part were determined. Yield and Yield Attributes: At harvest (150 days from sowing), a random sample of ten plants were taken from each plot to determine plant height, number of branches, pods and seeds/plant, weight of pods and seeds/plant, number of seeds/pod and 100-seed weight. Plants on e middle two rows excluded 0.5 m at bo sides in each plot (4. m ) were harvested and eir pods were air dried to estimated seed, straw and biological yield / faddan. Chemical Traits: Seed and straw contents of NPK were determined as follow: N (%) was determined by [11] e improved Kjeldahl meod of Pirie, P (%) was [6] determined according to A.O.A.C. and K (%) was determined by using Flame Photometer. Seed protein content calculated by multiplying N (%) by 6.5. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake were calculated by multiplying e NPK (%) by seed and straw yield / faddan. Statistical Analysis: Combined analysis of e two growing seasons were carried out according to [16] procedure outlined by Snedecor and Cochran. For comparison between treatment means, L.S.D. test at 5 [15] % level was used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Grow Parameters: Data presented in Table () showed significant increasing in grow parameters i.e., plant height and dry weight of stems and leaves of faba bean plants at 60 and 90 days after sowing wi increasing phosphorus levels from zero to 45 kg PO 5/faddan in combination wi eier Rhizobium, Nitrobein or Rhizobium + Nitrobein inoculation except plant height and leaves dry weight at 60 DAS. The plots which received 30 or 45 kg PO 5/faddan and Rhizobium + Nitrobein mixed inoculation gave e highest value e mentioned parameters compared wi e oers treatments. The stimulatory effect of phosphorous may be due to its role in enhancing metabolic processes such as photosynesis, starch synesis, glycolysis and synesis of fats and proteins. Phosphorus is also found in plants as a constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, coenzymes and e high emerge phosphate compounds, ese aspects encourage dry matter accumulation and dry weight of leaves and stem/plant. This result is in harmony wi is obtained [1] by Saad and El-Kholy. Yield and Yield Attributes: Data in Table (3) showed at increasing phosphorus levels from zero to 45 kg PO 5/faddan in combination wi eier Rhizobium, Nitrobein or Rhizobium + Nitrobein inoculation significantly increased most of e studied characters except for number of branches and seeds/plant. The treatment (Rhizobium + Nitrobein + 45 kg PO 5/faddan) equal significantly wi at of (Rhizobium + Nitrobein + 30 kg PO 5/faddan) for producing e highest value of e most studied characters. As well as e above mentioned two treatments are mostly equal to at of 967

Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 3(6): 966-971, 007 Table 1: Mechanical and chemical analysis of e experimental soils at 30 and 60 cm (005/06 and 006/07) season. Properties 005-006 006-007 ------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------- Year 30 cm 60 cm 30 cm 60cm Mechanical analysis Sand (%) 91. 93.70 9.33 93.1 Silt (%) 3.70 3.90.95 3.1 Clay (%) 5.10 3.40 4.78 3.76 Soil texture Sandy Sandy Sandy Sandy Chemical analysis 3 E. C. mmohs/cm 0.30 0.50 0.50 0.70 Organic matter % 0.30 0.50 0.50 0.70 Soluble N ppm 8.10 9.0 7.45 8.5 Available P ppm 3.0 3.60 4.1 4.65 Exchange K ppm 0.00 3.50 6.00 4.55 Table : Effect of phosphorous levels and biofertilizers on plant height and leaves and stems dry weight/plant at 60 and 90 days after sowing. (Combined data of two seasons). Charter Plant height Leaves dry weight/plant (g) Stems dry weight/plant (g) ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ Treatment 60 90 60 90 60 90 Uninoculated + zero PO 5/fad 54.00 77.00 8.1 11.54 4.68 33.3 5 Rhizobium + zero P O /fad 55.00 77.00 8.44 11.59 5.35 34.3 5 Rhizobium + 15kg P O /fad 57.00 79.00 8.67 1.3 5.66 34.65 5 Rhizobium + 30kg P O /fad 59.00 79.00 9.54 1.54 6.35 35.66 Rhizobium + 45kg PO5/fad 58.00 84.00 9.49 1.69 6.95 35.85 Ntrobein + zero PO 5/fad 55.00 73.00 7.89 11.94 5.11 34.6 Ntrobein + 15kg PO 5/fad 55.00 75.00 7.95 1.35 5.94 34.69 Ntrobein + 30kg PO 5/fad 58.00 80.00 8.68 1.98 6.1 35.3 Ntrobein + 45kg PO 5/fad 60.00 8.00 9.14 13.3 5.98 36.1 Rhizobium + Ntrobein 58.00 78.00 8.75 11.95 5.3 35.3 Rhizobium + Ntrobein + 15kg PO 5/fad 58.00 81.00 9.48 13.45 6.78 37.1 Rhizobium + Ntrobein + 30kg PO 5/fad 60.00 85.00 10.57 13.95 6.99 37.59 Rhizobium + Ntrobein + 45kg P O /fad 59.00 83.00 10.43 13.88 6.89 38.54 5 LSD 5 % NS.1 NS 1.07 1.13.3 Table 3: Effect of phosphorous levels and biofertilizers on yield and its components of faba bean plant. (Combined data of two seasons). Character Number of Number Dry weight Number Dry weight Number 100- Yield (kg/faddan) -------------------- branches of pods of pods of seeds of seeds of seeds seeds --------------------------------------- Treatment /plant /plant /plants (g) /plant /plant (g) /pod weight (g) Seed Straw Biological Uninoculated + zero PO 5/fad.85 0.43 41.97 61.34 3.00 65.4 977.65 106.40 106.40 3084.05 Rhizobium + zero PO 5/fad.89 1.53 4.85 61.50 3.90.85 66.95 984.50 144.30 318.80 Rhizobium + 15kg PO 5/fad.9 4.65 47.38 66.18 35.5.68 69.70 1088.30 188.50 3.76.80 Rhizobium + 30kg PO 5/fad.96 5.0 50.68 67.75 37.7.68 73.70 111.80 3.50 3336.30 Rhizobium + 45kg PO 5/fad.99 6.43 50.10 67.38 39.63.54 67.80 1181.50 8.00 3463.50 Ntrobein + zero PO 5/fad.85 0.60 40.36 59.0 34.07.86 67.68 906.58 164.30 314.88 968

Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 3(6): 966-971, 007 Table 3: Continued Ntrobein + 15kg PO 5/fad.87 5.68 44.65 63.55 37.13.47 70.58 103.30 08.50 331.80 Ntrobein + 30kg PO 5/fad.93 6.97 47.48 66.8 38.78.47 71.95 1060.00 13.50 373.50 Ntrobein + 45kg PO 5/fad 3.13 8.40 50.65 67.78 41.18.38 69.66 1191.70 5.80 3444.50 Rhizobium + Ntrobein.97 1.45 44.3 63.1 37.55.94 67.3 1035.33 156.33 3191.66 Rhizobium + Ntrobein 3.18 4.98 46.65 67.75 38.99.71 69.6 1106.65 174.66 381.1 + 15kg PO 5/fad Rhizobium + Ntrobein 3.18 7.56 48.69 69.85 4.56.53 69.65 10.36 40.96 3443.3 + 30kg PO 5/fad Rhizobium + Ntrobein 3.1 9.56 50.99 69.98 44.56.36 69.75 115.65 76.55 349.0 + 45kg PO 5/fad LSD 5 % NS.65 3.1.4 3.0 NS 1.67 69.65 91.68 11.45 Table 4: Effect of phosphorous levels and biofertilizers on chemical traits of faba bean. (second season). Characters Seed content (%) Straw content (%) Seed protein content (%) -------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- Treatments N P K N P K Uninoculated + zero PO 5/fad 3.6 0.3.15 1.58 0.14 0.55 0.37 Rhizobium + zero PO 5/fad 3.8 0.34.14 1.58 0.15 0.5 0.55 Rhizobium + 15kg PO 5/fad 3.43 0.37.6 1.76 0.19 0.54 1.45 Rhizobium + 30kg PO 5/fad 3.58 0.40.9 1.81 0.18 0.53.38 Rhizobium + 45kg PO 5/fad 3.61 0.46. 1.9 0.1 0.57.60 Ntrobein + zero PO 5/fad 3.14 0.38.33 1.66 0.14 0.55 19.65 Ntrobein + 15kg PO 5/fad 3.7 0.40.41 1.81 0.16 0.58 0.45 Ntrobein + 30kg PO 5/fad 3.33 0.38.7 1.87 0.18 0.61 0.87 Ntrobein + 45kg PO 5/fad 3.47 0.39.41 1.84 0.0 0.61 1.70 Rhizobium + Ntrobein 3.33 0.39.49 1.76 0.19 0.65 0.86 Rhizobium + Ntrobein + 15kg PO 5/fad 3.36 0.36.1 1.84 0.1 0.65 1.00 Rhizobium + Ntrobein + 30kg PO 5/fad 3.51 0.48.33 1.94 0.1 0.68 1.96 Rhizobium + Ntrobein + 45kg PO 5/fad 3.5 0.48.40 1.93 0.3 0.67.04 LSD 5 % 0.5 0.07 NS 0.1 NS 0.1 0.83 Table 5: Effect of phosphorous levels and biofertilizers on NPK uptake (kg/faddan) of faba bean. (second season). Characters Nitrogen uptake (kg/faddan) Phosphorus uptake (kg/faddan) Potassium uptake (kg/faddan) -------------------- --------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- Treatments Seed Straw Total Seed Straw Total Seed Straw Total Uninoculated + zero PO 5/fad 31.87 33.8 65.15 3.1.94 6.06 1.0 11.58 3.6 Rhizobium + zero PO 5/fad 3.9 33.87 66.16 3.35 3.1 6.56 1.06 11.15 3.1 Rhizobium + 15kg PO 5/fad 37.3 38.51 75.83 4.0 4.15 8.17 4.59 11.18 36.40 Rhizobium + 30kg PO 5/fad 39.83 40.4 80.07 4. 4.66 8.88 5.48 1.67 38.15 Rhizobium + 45kg PO 5/fad 37.09 37.88 74.97 4.48 3.19 7.67 7.5 1.55 40.07 Nitrobein + zero PO 5/fad 30.16 36.67 66.83 3.65 3.03 6.68.38 11.95 34.33 Nitrobein + 15kg PO 5/fad 33.46 39.97 73.43 4.09 3.53 7.6 4.66 1.80 37.46 969

Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 3(6): 966-971, 007 Table 5: Continued Nitrobein + 30kg PO 5/fad 35.9 41.39 76.68 4.0 3.98 8.00 4.06 13.50 37.56 Nitrobein + 45kg PO 5/fad 48.35 41.45 8.80 4.64 4.50 9.14 8.71 13.74 4.45 Rhizobium + Nitrobein 34.47 37.95 7.4 4.55 4.09 8.64 5.77 14.01 39.78 Rhizobium + Nitrobein 37.18 40.01 70.19 3.98 4.56 8.54 4.45 14.13 38.58 + 15kg PO 5/fad Rhizobium + Nitrobein 4.0 43.47 85.67 4.56 4.70 9.6 8.01 15.3 43.4 + 30kg PO 5/fad Rhizobium + Nitrobein 4.79 43.93 86.7 4.98 5.3 10.1 9.17 15.5 44.4 + 45kg PO 5/fad LSD 5 %.0 1.81 4.78 NS 0.65 1.68 1.93.3 3.1 single Rhizobium or Nitrobein inoculation + 30 kg PO 5/faddan for improving e number and dry weight of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, seeds and biological yield/faddan. The treatment which received Rhizobium + Nitrobein + 30 kg PO 5/faddan surpassed in plant height. On e oer hand, Rhizobium only + 30 kg PO 5 faddan or Rhizobium + 45 kg PO 5/faddan surpassed in 100 seed weight and straw yield / faddan. The superiority of e dual application of phosphorous and bacterial inoculation may be due to e promoting effects of e microorganisms of e inoculants on e native and/or applied nutrients. As well as may be due to e important role of phosphorous for helping e development of more extensive root system and us enabling plants to extract water and nutrients from deeper dep. This, in turn, could enhance e plants to produce more assimilates which was reflected in high yield and its component. These results are in harmony wi ose [1,6,,3] obtained by. ey reported at application of biofertilizer + chemical fertilizer resulted in e highest increases in 100-seed weight, weight of pods and seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, seed and straw yield of faba bean/faddan and seed protein contents of faba bean. Chemical Traits: NPK Contents: Data in Table (4) show at e dual application of 30 or 45 kg PO 5 / faddan wi inoculation wi eier Rhizobium, Nitrobein or Rhizobium + Nitrobein caused significant increase in NPK content in e seed and straw at harvest and seed protein content except P% in e straw in e second winter season 006/07. The highest values of N and P in e seeds were recorded in Rhizobium + 45 kg PO 5/faddan and Rhizobium + Nitrobein + 45 kg PO 5/faddan, respectively compared to e oer treatments. While in case of NPK in straw, e treatment received Rhizobium + Nitrobein + 30 kg P O /faddan recorded 5 e highest value of ese nutrients. Seed protein content was found to be significantly where, e highest value was recorded by e addition of 45 kg PO 5 / faddan to seeds inoculated by Rhizobium [1] compared e oer treatment. Abdalla, who found at e contents of N, P, K and seed protein content increased wi biofertilizer treatments and wi increasing rates of phosphorous from 100-00 kg superphosphate/faddan. NPK Uptake: Data presented in Table (5) illustrated at NPK uptake in seed, straw and total uptake were significantly affected by e different treatments except for phosphorus uptake by seed.the dual inoculation by Rhizobium and Nitrobein wi 30 or 45 kg PO5 /faddan gave e greatest value of NPK uptake but wiout significant differences between em. This could be explained as e bo microorganisms may be improved e rhizosphere conditions which enhanced e availability of soil nutrients and increased e NPK uptake by faba bean plants. From e results of e present study, bio-fertilizers could improve e grow and economic yield of faba bean under e condition of is experiment and similar condition rough eir indirect effects which improve e soil condition, soil nutrient status, as well as, nutrients of e applied fertilizers. REFERENCES 1. Abd Alla, A.M., 00. Effect of bio- and mineral phosphorus fertilizer on e grow, productivity and nutritional value of faba bean. Egypt. J. Hort., 9(): 187-03.. Abou Hussien, E.A., M.A. Abou El Fadl, S.A. Radwan and H. Khalil, 00. Response of wheat and broad bean plants to phosphorus under different soil conditions. Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 80(1): 41-55. 970

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