Effect of Calcium Sulphate Application and Foliar Spraying with Amino Acids on Yield and Yield Components of faba bean (Vicia faba, L.

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1 Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research Volume : 05 Issue : 03 July-Sept Pages: Effect of Sulphate Application and Foliar Spraying with Amino Acids on Yield and Yield Components of faba bean (Vicia faba, L.) in Sandy Soils Mesbah, E. A. E. Department of Agronomy, Fac. of Agric. Al-Azhar Univ. Cairo, Egypt. Received: 15 June 2016 / Accepted: 14 July 2016 / Publication date: 30 July 2016 ABSTRACT Two field experiments were conducted at Al-Hussein Society for Reclaiming and Cultivating Land 64Km Cairo Alexandria desert road Giza Governorate, Egypt, during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons, to study the effect of calcium sulphate rates (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800kg/ fad.), foliar spraying with Vegetamin (free amino acids 24.8 %) (0, 500, 750 and 1000 cm 3 / fad.) and their interaction on yield and yield components of faba bean (Giza 843 cultivar). Results indicated that the differences between calcium sulphate rates for plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield per fad., biological yield per fad., harvest index and protein % in seed were significant in the two seasons. Application of 800kg CaSo 4 / fad., gave the maximum values for most attributes studied in both seasons. Also, results showed that the differences between amino acids concentrations for all studied traits were significant in both seasons. Foliar faba bean plants with 750 or 1000cm 3 amino acids / fad. gave the highest values for all studied traits in the two seasons. The interaction between calcium sulphate rates and foliar spraying with amino acids was significant for all studied traits in the two seasons. Also, results show that application of 800 kg CaSo 4 / fad. and foliar faba bean plants with 750 or 1000 cm 3 amino acids / fad. increased the yield and yield components under irrigation conditions with saline water in new reclaimed soils (sandy soils). Key words: Faba bean, calcium sulphate rates, amino acids foliar, irrigation with saline water, new reclaimed soils, sandy soils, Giza 843 cultivar Introduction Faba bean (Vicia faba, L.) is the most important annual crops grown in the world. It is one of the promising crops which can play an important role in increasing legume production in Egypt. Its seeds are used for human consumption. Seeds have 35% protein, 45% carbohydrate and 2% fat. The cultivated area of faba bean decreased in the last 3 th years in Egypt from to ha. FAO (2013). Salinity is one of the main factors that Limit the productivity of faba bean. Salinity problem in Egypt has a special importance for both of the old cultivated area and newly reclaimed soils (Hellal et al. 2012). Also, with increasing demand for irrigation water, alternative sources are being sought. Saline water was previously considered unusable for irrigation however; this water need now and in the future need to used successfully to grow crops under certain conditions (Zeid 2011). Application of calcium sulphate and foliar spraying with amino acids may be are easy technique to overcome salinity problems, that because calcium sulphate is an important role in alleviates the adverse effects of salinity on many plant species, that to keep Na + and Cl - out of the cell, with addition to, important role of So 4 = in formation H 2So 4, which led to increasing soil acidity, removal calcareous problem, which, is relation with salinity in soil. As well as, amino acids improves the plant tolerance to stress or adverse conditions i.e. salinity (El- Sayed et al. 2014). Several investigations studied the effect of calcium sulphate application and foliar spraying with amino acids on field crops. Buerkert et al. (1990) showed that application of 2000kg in the form of Ca (OH) 2 / ha. significantly increased yield and yield components of faba bean under sandy soils conditions. Also, Buerkert and Marschner (1992) indicated that application of 1500 kg/ ha. as Ca (oh) 2 or 1200 Kg/ha. as CaSo 4 increased faba been growth traits. While, Munns (2002) found that application of Ca ++ alleviates the adverse effects of salinity on faba bean, enhanced of strong root systems cells and selectivity of Ca ++ over Na + in soil solution or at the root level. Also, Hu and Schmidhalter (2005) indicated that problems of salinity in the major constraints for plant growth and productivity are ion toxicity with excessive up take of mainly Cl - and Na + and nutrients imbalance by disturbed uptake of essential mineral nutrients. As well as, Khalil et al. (2015) showed that application of Ca ++ as foliar spray at 2g/L. with 52 plant/ m 2 significantly increased yield and yield components of faba bean under Wadi El- Natroon conditions. Abbas et al. (2012) indicated that application of 230 Kg N and 5L amino acids /ha. significantly increased growth and grain yield of maize. Also, Ammar et al. (2013) showed that plants wheat spraying with amino acids increased growth, yield and yield components under salinity stress conditions. El- Ghareib et al. (2014) found that foliar maize plants by 1000cm 3 or 1500cm 3 amino acids/ fad.+ 1% Zn and fertilized with 120 KgN/ fad. increased yield and yield components Corresponding Author: Mesbah, E. A. E., Department of Agronomy, Fac. of Agric. Al-Azhar Univ. Cairo, Egypt. 307

2 under El- Fayoum Governorate conditions. Sadak et al. (2015) indicated that amino acids application as foliar spray with 1500mg/L concentrate significantly improved growth, yield and yield components of faba bean (Giza 843 cultivar) under irrigation of faba bean plants with 2000 and 4000 ppm sea water concentrations and compared with irrigated with tap water, also, foliar spray with amino acids with 1500mg/L. alleviate the harmful effect of sea water salinity stress. Consequently, these the study aimed to investigate the effect of calcium sulphate application and foliar spray with amino acids on yield and yield components of faba bean under irrigation conditions with saline water in sandy soils. Materials and Methods Two field experiments were conducted at Al- Hussein Society for Reclaiming and Cultivating Land 64km Cairo- Alexandria desert road Giza Governorate, Egypt, during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons, to study the effect of calcium sulphate application, foliar spraying with amino acids and their interaction on yield and yield components of faba bean (Vicia faba, L.) Giza 843 cultivar. Studied factors:- Factor A. Five rates from calcium sulphate CaSo 4 H 2o were used as follow : A1. 0 kg (control) A2. 200kg CaSo 4 / fad. A3. 400kg CaSo 4 / fad. A4. 600kg CaSo 4 / fad. A5. 800kg CaSo 4 / fad. Factor B. Foliar spraying with amino acids. Four concentrations from amino acids were used as follow : B1. 0 (Control). B2. Foliar spraying with 500 cm 3 / fad. B3. Foliar spraying with 750 cm 3 / fad. B4. Foliar spraying with 1000 cm 3 / fad. Foliar sprayed with Vegetamin 24 (Free amino acids 24.8%) three times at 45, 60 and 75 days from sowing using hand operated sprayer compressed at volume of 200 liter water/ fad. Chemical contents of Vegetamin 24 are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Chemical contents of Vegetamine 24. Chemical Content Mg/100cm 3 Chemical content Mg/100cm 3 Alanine 103 Lysine 50 Aspartic 251 Phenylalanine 37 Glutamate 55 Proline 76 Glycine 50 Serine 58 Isoleucine 54 Threonine 41 Leucine 53 Valine 71 The experiment design was split plot with three replications, calcium sulphate rates were devoted to main plots, while amino acids concentrations were assigned to the sub- plots. Faba bean seeds Giza 843 cultivar were sown on 21 November in the two seasons at the rate of 60kg/fad. The experimental unit area in both seasons were 10.5m 2 (3x3.5m) and contains 5 ridges of 60 cm wide and hill 15cm a part. sulphate 95% (25% Ca ++, 54% So4 = and 16% S), were applied during soil preparation. Phosphorus fertilizer was applied in form calcium super phosphate with rate 31kg P2O5/fad. after sowing. Organic matter in form Compost was applied with rate 5 ton/ fad. during soil preparation. Potassium fertilizer was soil added at the rate of 48kg K 2O / fad. as potassium sulphate (48% K 2O) in five equal portions at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days from sowing. Nitrogen fertilizer was soil added at the rate 20kgN/fad. as activated dose in form ammonium nitrate (33.5% N) in two equal portions, the first portion was added after sowing, second portion was added at 25 days from sowing. Drip irrigation system is used in application irrigation water every five days from sowing until maturity stage. Stopping irrigation was after 125 days from sowing in the two seasons. All other cultural practices were followed as recommended in faba bean production. Also, soil analysis for two seasons was carried out according to Jackson (1973). The results of analysis are shown in Table

3 Table 2: Mechanical and Chemical analysis of experimental soil in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. Mechanical analysis 2013/ /2015 Sand % Silt % Clay % Texture class Sand Sand Chemical analysis ph Ec.m. mohs/cm CaCo 3% Available N (ppm) Available P (ppm) 8 9 Available k (ppm) Table 3: Chemical properties of the irrigation water at the experimental site in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. Water properties 2013/ /2015 PH Ec m mohs/cm 4.29 (2750ppm) 4.45(2850ppm) Ca++ meq/l Mg ++ meq/l Na+ meq/l K+ meq/l Co3-- +hco3- meq/l Cl- meq/l So4 meq/l Sodium Adsorption Ratio (S.A.R) Harvesting time was after 140 days from sowing in both seasons. Also chemical properties of the irrigation water was presented in Table 3. Studied attributes: At harvest, ten individual plants were chosen at random from plot to record the experimental data, while, biological yield/ fad. and seed yield / fad. were taken from whole plot. 1- Plant height, in cm. 2- Number of branches per plant. 3- Number of pods per plant seed weight, in g. 5- Seed yield per fad. 6- Biological yield per fad, in kg. 7- Harvest index (HI)computed as: HI= Seed yield / fad x100 Biological yield /fad. 8- Seed protein percentage (Lowery et al. 1951) The obtained data of plant parameters were statically analyzed according to the methods suggested by Gomez and Gomez (1984). Means were compared by using the LSD values at 5% level of significance. Results and Discussions Effect of calcium sulphate rates and foliar spraying with amino acids on yield and yield components of faba bean under irrigation conditions with saline water in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons are presented in Tables from Table 4: Effect of calcium sulphate application and foliar spraying with amino acids on plant height (cm) under irrigation conditions with saline water in 2013/2014 and 2014/ 2015 seasons. Amino acids conc. (B) sulphate rates (A) Control(without kg/fad kg/ fad kg/ fad kg/fad Mean L.S.D at 0.05 A 1.01 B 0.82 AB 1.82 A 1.12 B 0.57 AB

4 Table 5: Effect of Sulphate application and foliar spraying with amino acids on number of branches per plant under Amino acids conc. (B) sulphate rates (A) Control (without kg/fad kg/ fad kg/ fad kg/fad Mean L.S.D at 0.05 A 0.05 B 0.06 AB 0.12 A 0.05 B 0.06 AB Table 6: Effect of calcium sulphate application and foliar spraying with amino acids on number of pods per plant under Amino acids conc. (B) Control (without kg/fad kg/ fad kg/ fad kg/fad Mean L.S.D at 0.05 A 0.06 B 0.07 AB 0.15 A 0.08 B 0.05 AB 0.12 Results indicated that the differences between calcium sulphate rates were significant for all studied traits in the two seasons. Application of 800kg CaSo 4 / fad. gave the maximum values for plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield per fad., biological yield and protein % in seed in both seasons. Positive effect of application of 800kg from CaSo 4 / fad. on yield and yield components may be due to CaSo 4 important role in alleviates the adverse effect of salinity on faba bean from through bring or substitution (exchange) Na + with Ca ++ cation, consequently, dimensions Na + and Cl - out the cell or relegation on root system range, also, important role of So 4 in formation H 2So 4, which, led to increasing soil acidity, removal calcareous problem, which, is relation with salinity, with addition to, sulphur role in mineralization process from through chemotrophic sulphur bacteria and an important as element to form some of amino acids such as cysteine, cysteine, Biotin and thiamine, sulphur is essential element information of glycosides such as sing rin and chloroplasts, which, contain on chlorophyll. Consequently, the three components of CaSo 4 led to alleviates high salt concentrations in the soil solution and low soil water potential (drout stress), also, removal toxicions such as Na + ancl - and nutrient balance, consequently increased elements uptake and shoot transport of minerals, that, led to enhanced yield traits and its components of faba bean under irrigation conditions with saline water. These the results are completely in agreement with Hu and Schmidhalter (2005), El-Sayed et al. (2014) and Khalil et al. (2015). Table 7 : Effect of calcium sulphate application and foliar spraying with amino acids on 100- seed weight (g) under Amino acids conc. (B) sulphate rates (A) Control (without kg/fad kg/ fad kg/ fad kg/fad Mean L.S.D at 0.05 A 0.03 B 0.04 AB 0.05 A 0.02 B 0.03 AB

5 Regarding amino acids foliar spraying, results in Tables 4-11 showed that significant effects for amino acids concentrations on all studied traits in both seasons. Foliar faba bean plants with concentrates 750 or 1000 cm 3 amino acids per fad. three times after 45, 60 and 75 days from swing date gave the maximum values for all studied traits, while the minimum values were obtained from the control in the two seasons. Positive effect of the high concentration from amino acids on these traits may be due to amino acids important role in synthesis of hormons i.e. auxins, photosynthesis, especially, increase ingchlorophyll concentration, also, as chelating factor help in transport and absorption of micronutrients. Also, increase amino acids concentration into the cell, which, led to increase cell tolerance under salinity conditions. Also, amino acids are considered as precursors and constituents of proteins, which, are important for stimulation of cell growth. They contain both acids and basic groups and act as buffers, which, help to maintain favorable ph value within the plant cell, (Davies 1982). Also, amino acids is a well known biostimulent, which, has positive effects on plant growth, yield and significantly mitigates the injuries caused by abiotic stresses. These the results are in agreement with Rai (2002), Kowalczyk and Zielony (2008), El-Ghareib et al. (2014) and Sadak et al. (2015) they indicated that foliar field crops with amino acids increased growth, yield and yield components, especially, under salinity conditions. The interaction between calcium sulphate rates and foliar spraying with amino acids was significant for all studied traits in both seasons. Results indicated that application of CaSo 4 at 800kg/ fad. rate from CaSo 4 with foliar faba bean plants three times with 750 or 1000 cm 3 / fad. from amino acids gave the maximum values for these traits, while, the minimum values were obtained from the control (without application CaSo 4 or foliar spray with amino acids) in both seasons. Table 8: Effect of calcium sulphate application and foliar spraying with amino acids on seed yield per fed. (kg) under Amino acids conc. (B) Control(without kg/fad kg/ fad kg/ fad kg/fad Mean L.S.D at 0.05 A 0.46 B 0.62 AB 1.08 A 0.15 B 0.31 AB 0.47 Table 9: Effect of calcium sulphate application and foliar spraying with amino acids on biological yield/fed. (kg) under Amino acids conc. (B) Control (without kg/fad kg/ fad kg/ fad kg/fad Mean L.S.D at 0.05 A 1.05 B 1.50 AB 3.39 A0.42 B 0.37 AB 0.83 Table 10 : Effect of calcium sulphate application and foliar spraying with amino acids on harvest index as % under Amino acids conc.(b) Control (without kg/fad kg/ fad kg/ fad kg/fad Mean L.S.D at 0.05 A 1.09 B 0.87 AB 1.94 A 1.03 B 0.82 AB

6 Table 11 : Effect of calcium sulphate application and foliar spraying with amino acids on protein (%) in seed under Amino acids conc. (B) Control (without kg/fad kg/ fad kg/ fad kg/fad Mean L.S.D at 0.05 A 0.02 B 0.03 AB 0.04 A 0.01 B 0.02 AB 0.05 It could be concluded that, application of 800kg CaSo 4 / fad. and foliar spraying three times with 750 cm 3 or 1000 cm 3 from amino acids. Led to increased seed yield and its components under irrigation conditions with saline water in sandy soil. References Abbas, M.L., A. Valida, C. Rajab and A. Ebrahim, Effect of nitrogen on growth levels and development of maize hybrids in the conditions of amino acids applications. Inter. J. Agric. and Crop Sci., 4 (14): Ammar, B., P. Hemmatollah and Y. Mohammed, The Effects of amino acids fertilizers spraying on photosynthetic pigments and anti oxidant enzymes of wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) under salinity stress. Inter. J. Agron and Plant Prod.,4 (4): Buerkert, A. and H. Marschner, and temperature effects on seedling exudation and root rot infection of common bean on an acid sandy soil. Plant and soil., 147: Buerkert, A., K.G. Cassman, R. Piedra and D.N. Murns, Soil acidity and liming effects on stand, nodulation and yield of common bean. Agron. J., 82: Davies, D.D., Physiological aspects of protein turn over. Encycle plant Physiol., 45: El-Ghareib, A.E., M.A.A El-Sayed, E.A.E Mesbah and K.A.A. Azzam, Effect of foliar spraying with Dolfan and Zinc on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays, L.) under different nitrogen fertilizer rates. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 3 (3) : El-Sayed, M.A.A., E.A.E Mesbah, A.A Abd- El-Latif, A.L Abo-Zead, Response of some wheat (Triticum aestiuum, L.) cultivars to sulfur fertilizer and chitoker under saline soil conditions., Zagazig J. Agric. Res., 41 (5): FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistical year book, world food and agriculture. Rome, 567P. Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez, Statistical procedures for Agricultural Research, 2 nd Ed. Johan Wiley U.S.A. Hellal, F.A.,M.T. Abd El hamid; M.D. Abo- Basha, and R.M. Zewainy, Alleviation of the adverse effects of soil salinity stress by foliar application of silicon on faba bean (Vicia faba, L.). J. Appl. Sci. Res., 8 (8): Hu, Y. and Y. Schmidhalter, Drought and Salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants. J. Plant Nutr. Soil. Sci., 168: Jackson, M.L., Soil chemical analysis prinite Hall of India private New Delhi, India. Khalil; A.N. W.A. Al- Murshidy; A.M. Eman and R.A. Badawy, Effect of plant density and calcium nutrition on growth and yield of some faba bean varieties under saline conditions. J. Inter. Sci. Public., 3: Kowalczyk, K. and T. Zielony, Effect of amino plant and Asahi on yield and quality of lettuce grown on rock wool. Conf. of bio stimulators in modern agriculture, 7-8 February, Warsaw, Poland. Lowery, O.H.; N.J. Rosenbrough; A.L. Farr and R.J. Randall, Protein measurement with the folinphenol reagent. J. Bio. Chem., 193: Munns, R., Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant cell and Environ., 25: Rai, V.K., Role of amino acids in plant responses to stress. Bio. Plant., 45: Sadak, Sh. M., M.T. Abd El- hamid and U. Scmidhalter, Effect of foliar application of amino acids on plant yield and some physiological parameters in bean plants irrigated with seawater. Acta Bio. Colombiana., 20 (1) : Zeid, I. M., Alleviation of sea water stress during germination and early growth of barley. Int. J. Agric. Res. Rev., 11 (2) :