Respiratory System Human Respiratory System A system to deliver oxygen (O2) to body cells & get rid of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a waste through cellular respiration. Two systems involved: Respiratory & Circulatory Systems. Cellular Respiration Glucose + O2 C02 + H20 + Energy Label diagram Glucose in cells is broken down to release energy (ATP) when O2 is present. ATP is cell s energy for cell work! Nostrils About the Respiratory System Openings to the respiratory system at the nose. Nostrils 1
Cilia & Mucus Cilia - sweeps, warms, & traps particles to filter away from the lungs. Mucus - cells that moisten to trap particles Nasal Passages (Cavity) Cilia lined passages that end (terminate) at the pharynx; acts like a humidifier. Nasal Passage Pharynx (throat) Space at the back of the oral cavity where the mouth and nose meet. Epiglottis Flap of tissue that covers the tracheal opening to prevent food from entering the lungs (choking). Larynx Also, called the voice box (the site for vocal cords). Needed to create sound. Larynx Larynx 2
Trachea: (windpipe) A cartilage ringed structure that remains open so air can travel to the lungs. Trachea Bronchi Right and Left major divisions of the trachea; lined with cilia. Left Bronchus Right Bronchus Smaller Smaller subdivisions of the bronchi after they have entered into the lobes of the lung; not made of cartilage. Lung Balloon-like structures in the chest that bring oxygen into the body and expel (release) carbon dioxide from the body. Alveoli (air sacs) Small thin air sacs at the end of the bronchioles surrounded with capillaries to allow for gaseous exchange. Capillary network Alveolar Sac Alveoli 3
Respiratory Surface A thin, moist surface to help for gas exchange by diffusion. Surface must be in contact with free oxygen. Ex: Unicellular organisms (protists, amebas, paramecium) - Cell membrane & environment Ex: Multicellular organisms - Specialized organs & transport system http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter1/animation the_pleural_membranes.html Diaphragm A sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities. Chest Cavity Abdominal Cavity Breathing The movement of air into and out of the lungs. No muscles are connected to the lungs. Air pressure drives air into our lungs. Increased CO2 levels in body, triggers (tells) brain to bring air into lungs. The Mechanics for Breathing Boyle s Law Diaphragm Movement The Control Center for Breathing Boyle's Law: The inverse (opposite) relationship between volume & pressure. Inhalation - increase in volume (air rushing in) - decrease in pressure. Exhalation - decrease in volume (air leaving) - increase in pressure. Summary On Diaphragm Breathing Inhalation Exhalation Air flows in Lung expands (inflates) Diaphragm contracts & moves downward (descends). Air flows out Lung contracts (deflates) Diaphragm relaxes& moves upward (rises). 4
2 Phases of Breathing Worksheet Exercise http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/breathing1.htm In the ALVEOLI, O2 diffuses into capillary when you inhale. The Control for Breathing Medulla Oblongata Diaphragm & Chest Muscles In the CAPILLARY, CO2 diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled. Lung Contractions & Air enters lungs http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/alveoli.htm Exercise Muscles need O2 because O2 is needed to make ATP (energy source). Causes: - fast heartbeat, faster/deeper breathing, & sweat - higher concentration of CO2 & low O2 in muscle cells. - increase blood flow so more O2 in blood. Hemoglobin on the RBC Carries O2 & CO2 Medical Disorders (Malfunctions) http://health.howstuffworks.com/sports-physiology8.htm 5
Cigarette Smoking Paralyzes the cilia & can cause many diseases. blood vessels. Major cause for heart disease. Group Roles Leader: Keeps group on task Recorder: Keeps a written record of groups work Reporter: Presents group s work to class Noise monitor: Keeps groups voices manageable Bronchitis Bronchi and bronchial tubes become irritated & swollen. Symptoms: cough, sore throat, yellow or green mucus Cause: smoking, bacteria, viruses Treatment: Treat symptoms or antibiotics 6
Asthma An allergic response narrow Symptoms: wheezing, coughing, & difficulty breathing. Cause: pollutants in air, emotions, unknown Treatment: medications (inhalers) Asthma Tightened muscles Alveoli filled with trapped air Inflamed lining of bronchioles Excess mucus Pneumonia Alveoli (air sac) fills up with fluid. Symptoms: high fever, cough, increase mucus, chills Causes: bacteria, virus, fungus Treatment: Antibiotics 7
Pneumonia Emphysema Lungs lose elasticity (can t stretch). Alveoli wall is damaged and breaksdown. Less surface area for gas exchange. Irreversible (can t reverse) Symptoms: mild cough, weight loss, tired Fluid filled air spaces Cause: Years of smoking destroys alveoli Treatment: Oxygen therapy (O 2 tank) Overinflated & broken alveolar sacs Emphysema Lung Cancer Uncontrolled growth of abnormal lung cells (no function), can spread. Symptoms: new cough, cough with blood, shortness of breath Broken alveolar capillaries Causes: smoking, pollutants Treatments: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation treatment. 8