Pear psylla and mite management New choices for 2004 John E. Dunley Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center Wenatchee, WA
Pear pest management where are we? Haven t lost a material to resistance in many years Many more options than 10 yrs ago IPM More complex But more effective
Hard or soft? Mating disruption Is an important option Esp. in soft programs Chemical management Remains most important Even in soft programs Biocontrol is a good goal Integrate Use the best of both chemical and biological controls
In pears Chemicals instead of mating disruption Can still be soft
New registrations in 2004 Calypso Sept 2003 Zeal Sept 2003 Q1 (already ended) Fujimite* (fenpyroximate, Nichino America) Q2 (ends 3/31) Kanemite* (acequinocyl, Arvesta) Q3 (6/30) Applaud (buprofezin, Nichino America) Clutch (clothianidin, Arvesta) Diamond (novaluron, Crompton) Q4 (9/30) (flonicamid, FMC)
New registrations EPA is mostly playing catch-up Most registrations due 2003 didn t occur Only one new mode of action New products are all in the same classes as available materials Except Applaud Yeah! Some work better than available comparable compounds Fujimite Diamond
Lots of new choices Getting through registration quickly OP-replacements Safe for consumers More environmentally-friendly Some new classes More chloronicotinyls More METIs Unique miticides
Last year s problems Codling moth Spider mites Not too bad Leafrollers Pear psylla Grape mealybug Pear rust mite Continued problems But no new answers Perhaps Fujimite
Chloronicotinyls Provado PP, GMB Actara PP, GMB Assail CM, PP, GMB Calypso CM, PP, GMB Clutch CM, PP, GMB
Calypso New this year Bayer Works well against the targets Codling moth Equal to Assail Pear psylla Equal to Actara Better than late-season Assail Grape mealybug Equal to Actara and Assail May have the same sort of effect on mites
Calypso Best used early in the season First generation codling moth Re-entry interval is short Pick up pear psylla, grape mealybug First generation pear psylla Clusterbud Petal-fall Target first and second instar nymphs This NOT this
35 30 25 Assail CB/Oil Assail PF/Oil Actara/Oil Calypso/Oil Applaud/Oil Check Accumulated Nymph Days High 20 15 10 5 0 6/16/03 6/23/03 6/30/03 7/7/03 7/14/03 7/21/03 7/28/03 Summer 1 6/20 Summer 2 7/32 All chloronicotinyls work Also Applaud 8/4/03 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 8/11/03 8/18/03 Assail CB/Oil Assail PF/Oil Actara/Oil Calypso/Oil Applaud/Oil Check 8/25/03 Accumulated Nymph Days Low 5 0 5/13/03 5/27/03 6/10/03 6/24/03 7/8/03 7/22/03 8/5/03 8/19/03 Clusterbud 4/7, Petalfall 5/1 Summer 1 6/20 Summer 2 7/23
Clutch also works Accumulated Nymph Days High Trial 2 60 50 40 30 CALYPSO/OIL 6oz CALYPSO/OIL 8oz ASSAIL/Oil ACTARA/Oil CLUTCH 4oz CLUTCH 6oz CHECK 20 10 0 5/9/03 5/23/03 6/6/03 6/20/03 7/4/03 7/18/03 8/1/03 8/15/03 18 16 14 12 CALYPSO/OIL 6oz CALYPSO/OIL 8oz ASSAIL/Oil ACTARA/Oil CLUTCH 4oz CLUTCH 6oz CHECK Accumulated Nymphs/Leaf Low Trial 2 10 8 6 4 2 0 5/9/03 5/23/03 6/6/03 6/20/03 7/4/03 Date 7/18/03 8/1/03 8/15/03
Chloronicotinyls and mites Problems with mite increases noticed First noted with Provado in 1995 Early research with Assail also noted problems In development tests Small plots Last year, some observations How much of it is real?
Spider mites in Assail-treated apple Used Assail and Imidan for codling moth control Measured levels of spider mites and predatory mites Treatments: Untreated check Imidan for 4 covers Assail for 4 covers Assail for 2 nd cover, Imidan for other covers Assail for 1 st generation, Imidan 2 nd generation Assail with oil for 4 covers Assail with oil for 2 nd cover, Imidan for other covers Assail with oil for 1 st generation, Imidan 2 nd generation
Spider mites in Assail-treated apple 12 Tetranychid mites/leaf 9 6 3 Untreated check Assail C2 + Imidan C1-3-4 Assail +oil C2 + Imidan C1- Assail C1-2 + Imidan C3-4 Assail +oil C1-2 + Imidan C Assail C1-2-3-4 Assail +oil C1-2-3-4 Imidan C1-2-3-4 0 8-Jun 18-Jun 28-Jun 8-Jul 18-Jul 28-Jul 7-Aug 17-Aug 27-Aug 6-Sep 16-Sep - Assail x 4 increased mites
Spider mites in Assail-treated apple Imidan C1-2-3-4 6.05 Assail +oil C1-2-3-4 254.15 Assail C1-2-3-4 159.75 Assail/oil C1-2 + Imidan C3-C4 50.41 Assail C1-C2 + Imidan C3-C4 Assail/oil C2 + Imidan C1-C3-C4 70.26 72.47 Assail x 4 increased mites Assail C2 + Imidan C1-C3-C4 42.69 Untreated check 25.88 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 Tetranychid: Cumulative mite days (09 Sep)
Viagra for mites? At low concentrations, Assail and Calypso appear to increase mite 8 reproduction Assail Calypso Eggs/Female/Day Eggs/Female/Day 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Water Low concentration of chloronicotinyl 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 Concentration (ppm) 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 Concentration (ppm)
How to avoid mites? Use pyrethroids as a last resort Use chloronicotinyls sparingly 2 nd cover is not disruptive Use chloronicotinyls with oil Oil provides some miticidal activity
Dealing with mites Old answers Agri-Mek Some mites in pear are resistant Savey / Apollo Kills eggs Effective when used infrequently 1 application per season Vendex Selective (soft on predatory mites) Resistance can be an issue Pyramite Excellent for European red mites Variable performance on two-spotted spider mites
New materials for mite control Acramite (Crompton) Not really new Very effective Very selective Essentially has become the standard miticide in pear
New materials for mite control Zeal (Valent) Very effective Very selective Acts much like Acramite But better on European red mite Also (probably 2005) Envidor (BAJ 2740, Bayer) Also works well Excellent fit for three product -- Resistance Management
New miticides All work well in controlling two-spotted spider mites 3 2.5 TSSM Control Check Mesa 1%EC Mesa 1%EC Motiles/leaf 2 1.5 1 Secure72WG Secure72WG Acramite50WS Acramite50WS BAJ 2740 240SC BAJ 2740 240SC Zeal = Secure BAJ = Envidor Agri-Mek0.15EC+ oil 0.5 Pyramite60WP+oil Savey 50WP 0 8/15 8/17 8/19 8/21 8/23 8/25 8/27 8/29 8/31 9/2 9/4 9/6 9/8 9/10
Resistance management Many options Use material once per season Several are limited to once Rotation, Rotation, Rotation Little difference in cost Little difference in efficacy
The Peshastin Ck. Areawide Project The Peshastin Creek Growers Association Association of local growers and fieldmen Pest Management Program Based on Organic insect management practices Areawide techniques to control Pear psylla and Codling moth Reduce non-selective pesticide use Increase potential migration of beneficial insects
PP densities Nymphs Some small differences through season Eggs No differences throughout season mean ppn/leaf (100 lvs) 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 2003 Nymphs Conv Org Soft 0.0 date mean ppe/leaf (100 lvs) 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 2003 Eggs Conv Org Soft 0.0 6/3/03 6/13/03 6/23/03 7/3/03 7/13/03 7/23/03 8/2/03 8/12/03 8/22/03 9/1/03 9/11/03 date
PP densities 8 7 Nymphs Eggs Densities lower in 2003 than in 2002 Eggs/leaf 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 2002 Eggs Conventional Soft Organic 5/10 5/17 5/24 5/31 6/7 6/14 6/21 6/28 7/5 7/12 7/19 7/26 8/2 8/9 8/16 8/23 8/30 9/6 Nymphs/leaf 10 9 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2002 Nymphs Conventional Soft Organic 5/10 5/17 5/24 5/31 6/7 6/14 6/21 6/28 7/5 7/12 7/19 7/26 0.8 0.7 0.6 8/2 mean ppn/leaf (100 lvs) 8/9 8/16 8/23 8/30 9/6 mean ppe/leaf (100 lvs) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 2003 Nymphs Conv Org Soft 2003 Eggs Conv Org Soft date 0.0 6/3/03 6/13/03 6/23/03 7/3/03 7/13/03 7/23/03 8/2/03 8/12/03 8/22/03 9/1/03 9/11/03 date
PP densities 8 7 Nymphs Eggs Densities lower in 2003 than in 2002 Nymphs/leaf 10 9 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2002 Nymphs Conventional Soft Organic 5/10 5/17 5/24 5/31 6/7 6/14 6/21 6/28 7/5 7/12 7/19 7/26 8/2 mean ppn/leaf (100 lvs) 8/9 8/16 8/23 8/30 9/6 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2003 Nymphs Conv Org Soft date Eggs/leaf 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 2002 Eggs Conventional Soft Organic 5/10 5/17 5/24 5/31 6/7 6/14 6/21 6/28 7/5 7/12 7/19 7/26 8/2 8/9 8/16 8/23 8/30 9/6 mean ppe/leaf (100 lvs) 0.8 3.5 0.7 3.0 0.6 2.5 0.5 2.0 0.4 1.5 0.3 1.0 0.2 2003 Eggs Conv Org Soft 0.1 0.5 0.0 6/3/03 6/13/03 6/23/03 7/3/03 7/13/03 7/23/03 8/2/03 8/12/03 8/22/03 9/1/03 9/11/03 date
Peshastin Creek Areawide Organic Project Organic and near-organic Soft pest management strategies Equal to Conventional over 2 year period Pest control Control Costs Benefits Increased biological control Increased returns?
Avoid the storms Use selective materials when possible Selective materials work Protect your insecticides Protect your predators Go Soft!
Conclusion Even soft materials pack a punch