... Abducens nucleus (VI) Baclofen, nystagmus treatment 202, 203, afferent and efferent connections 10 205, 206, 209, 212, 220 structure and function 9, 10 Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo transmitters 10 canalolithiasis in etiology 168, 169, Acetazolamide, episodic ataxia treatment 176 178 204, 207, 208 clinical presentation 170, 171 Acoustic neuroma, differential diagnosis cupulolithiasis in etiology 174 176 155, 156 diagnosis 171, 173 Acquired pendular nystagmus differential diagnosis 155, 173, 174 clinical aspects 212 horizontal benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo causes of nystagmus 213 atypical disease with ageotropic therapy 212, 213 positional nystagmus 188, 189 pathophysiology and experimental studies clinical presentation 187, 188 221 conversion from posterior disease 187 Acupuncture, nystagmus suppression 238 etiology and pathomechanism Acute hearing loss, differential diagnosis 155 189, 190 Acyclovir, vestibular neuritis management incidence 170, 187 129, 133 management 190, 191 Adenosine triphosphate, sensitivity of incidence and age dependence 169, 180 central vestibular 70 natural course 173 Adrenaline, modulation of central vestibular nystagmus 173 52 physical therapy 170 Adrenocorticotropin, modulation of central Brandt-Daroff exercise 180, 181, vestibular 69 185, 186 Aminoglycosides, Menière s disease Epley maneuver 183, 186 management 160, 161 recurrence following therapy 183, 185 Amobarbital, nystagmus treatment 203, 214 Semont maneuver 181, 183, 186 AMPA receptors surgical management medial vestibular nucleus 40 guidelines 186 principles of drug therapy 199 neurectomy, posterior ampullary nerve Apoplexia labyrinthi, differential diagnosis 155 186 241
Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo, Dopamine, modulation of central vestibular surgical management (continued) plugging of posterior semicircular canal agonists in therapy 60 186, 187 central pathways 52, 57, 58 unilateral versus bilateral disease 180 electrophysiological studies 58, 60 Benztropine, nystagmus treatment receptors 58, 60 204, 205 Downbeat nystagmus Botulinum toxin, nystagmus treatment clinical aspects 201 207, 233 235 Brandt-Daroff exercise, benign paroxysmal causes of nystagmus 205 positioning vertigo management 180, 181, therapy 202, 205 185, 186 pathophysiology and lesion studies 201, 202 Canalolithiasis, see Benign paroxysmal Dramamine, vestibular neuritis management positioning vertigo 129 Carbamazepine, superior oblique myokymia treatment 203, 219, 220 Electrocochleography, Menière s disease Cerebellum 151, 152 afferent and efferent connections 13, 14 Endolymphatic hydrops, see Menière s structure and function 12, 13 disease transmitters Episodic ataxia climbing fibers 16 clinical aspects 207 inter 16 drug therapy 207, 208 mossy fibers 16 pathophysiology and lesion studies 207 Purkinje cells 14, 16 Epley maneuver benign paroxysmal varicose fibers 17 positioning vertigo management Clonazepam, nystagmus treatment 202, 203, 183, 186 205, 212, 218 Eye movement generation Cochleosacculotomy, Menière s disease abducens nucleus 9, 10 management 161, 162 cerebellum 12 14, 16, 17 Congenital nystagmus fastigial nucleus 17 19 clinical aspects 210, 211 interstitial nucleus of Cajal 4 6 drug therapy 211 oculomotor nucleus 10 12 pathophysiology and experimental studies paramedian pontine reticular formation 211 6 8 Contact lenses, nystagmus suppression paramedian tract 8, 9 237, 238 rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial Corticosteroids longitudinal fascicle 1 3 opsoclonus management 216, 217 vestibular neuritis management 129 Fastigial nucleus Cupulolithiasis, see Benign paroxysmal afferent and efferent connections 18 positioning vertigo lesion studies of eye movement 12, 13 structure and function 17, 18 Dimenhydrinate, Menière s disease transmitters 19 management 158, 159 Diphenylhydantoin, nystagmus treatment Gabapentin, nystagmus treatment 203, 210, 203, 209 215, 220 242
GABA receptors therapy 218 medial vestibular nucleus pathophysiology and experimental anatomical studies 46, 47 studies 218 electrophysiological studies 47 Macro-square wave jerks functional roles 49 clinical aspects 217, 218 principles of drug therapy 198 200 Gigantocellular reticular nucleus, causes of jerks 219 membrane properties and gaze control therapy 218 38, 39 pathophysiology and experimental Glycine receptors studies 218 medial vestibular nucleus Magnetic resonance imaging anatomical studies 46, 47 Menière s disease diagnosis 154 electrophysiological studies 47 vestibular neuritis diagnosis functional roles 49 117, 120, 121 principles of drug therapy 198, 200 Medial vestibular nucleus Glycopyrrolate, nystagmus treatment 204 intrinsic membrane properties and functional speculations 36 38 Herpesviruses in vivo recordings 29, 30 Menière s disease 143 modulation of central vestibular vestibular neuritis 126, 127 Histamine, modulation of central vestibular adrenaline 52 dopamine binding sites 53 agonists in therapy 60 central pathways 52, 53 central pathways 52, 57, 58 electrophysiological studies 53, 54 electrophysiological studies 58, 60 receptor antagonists 54, 55 receptors 58, 60 β-histamine, Menière s disease histamine management 159 binding sites 53 Horizontal benign paroxysmal positioning central pathways 52, 53 vertigo, see Benign paroxysmal electrophysiological studies 53, 54 positioning vertigo receptor antagonists in therapy 54, 55 noradrenaline Interstitial nucleus of Cajal central pathways 52, 61 afferent and efferent connections 4, 5 electrophysiological studies 62, 63 structure and function 4 receptors 61, 62 transmitters 5, 6 serotonin Isoniazid, nystagmus treatment 203 central pathways 55 electrophysiological studies 55 57 Labyrinthectomy, Menière s disease receptors 55 management 163 neuropeptides in central vestibular Lermoyez syndrome, see Menière s disease network regulation Long-term depression, cerebellar regulation 17 adrenocorticotropin 69 nerve growth factor 69 Macrosaccadic oscillations neurokinins 66, 69 clinical aspects 217, 218 opioid peptides 65, 66 somatostatin 64, 65 causes of oscillations 219 substance P 66, 67, 69 243
Medial vestibular nucleus apoplexia labyrinthi 155 (continued) benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo neurotransmitters 155 AMPA receptors 40 overview 137 classification 39 perilymph fistula 156 GABA and glycine receptors pharmacological side effects 156, 157 anatomical studies 46, 47 vertebrobasilar insufficiency 156 electrophysiological studies 47 vestibular neuritis 154 functional roles 49 magnetic resonance imaging 154 isolation of electrophysiological effects endolymphatic hydrops 39, 40 pathophysiological model 145, 146 metabotropic glutamate receptors 40 epidemiology 141 muscarinic and nicotinic receptors etiology of endolymphatic hydrops anatomical studies 50 autoimmunity 143 145 behavioral studies 51, 52 genetics 142 electrophysiological studies 50, 51 overview 141, 142 NMDA receptors psychological factors 142 functional plasticity role 46 vascular compression 142 functional roles and correlation with viral factors 143 in vivo data 43 history of research 138 140 postlesional plasticity role 45, 46 Lermoyez syndrome 153 subunits 40 signs and symptoms pharmacological analysis of excitatory aural fullness 152 amino acid transmission 42, 43 cochlear function 149 152 specificity for neuron types 64 oculomotor symptoms 148 operation relationship to behavior 27, 28 subjective complaints 147, 148 oscillatory behavior and functional tinnitus 152 speculations 35, 36 vestibular-spinal signs 149 plasticity 26 treatment purine receptors and ATP sensitivity 70 aminoglycoside therapy 160, 161 response to horizontal angular decompression surgery accelerations 98 100 cochleosacculotomy 161, 162 slice recordings saccotomy 162, 163 classification of neuron types 30, 31 transtympanic ventilation tubes 161 rhythmic activity in type B 31, 32 drug therapy 158 160 whole-brain recordings, in vitro 32, 33, 35 guidelines 158 Memantine, nystagmus treatment labyrinthectomy 163 204, 213, 220 neurectomy of vestibular nerve 163, 164 Menière s disease symptom relief 157 clinical course 140, 141 Tumarkin otolith crisis 153 definition 137 Metabotropic glutamate receptors diagnosis medial vestibular nucleus 40 audiological testing 149, 150 principles of drug therapy 199 diagnostic scale 137, 138 Methylphenidate, nystagmus treatment 204 differential diagnosis Muscarinic receptors acoustic neuroma 155, 156 medial vestibular nucleus acute hearing loss 155 anatomical studies 50 244
behavioral studies 51, 52 optical methods for negating visual electrophysiological studies 50, 51 consequences 230 233 principles of drug therapy 200, 201 surgery 236 vibratory stimuli 237 Nerve growth factor, modulation of central velocity reduction and oscillopsia vestibular 69 elimination 195, 228, 229 Neurectomy visual consequences 228 230 posterior ampullary nerve 186 vestibular nerve in Menière s disease Ocular flutter management 163, 164 clinical aspects 215, 216 Neurokinins, modulation of central vestibular 66, 69 causes of flutter 217 Nicotinic receptors therapy 216, 217 medial vestibular nucleus pathophysiology and experimental anatomical studies 50 studies 216 behavioral studies 51, 52 Ocular myoclonus electrophysiological studies 50, 51 clinical aspects 214 principles of drug therapy 200, 201 NMDA receptors, medial vestibular nucleus causes of myoclonus 215 therapy 214, 215 functional plasticity role 46 pathophysiology and experimental functional roles and correlation with in studies 214 vivo data 43 Oculomotor nucleus postlesional plasticity role 45, 46 afferent and efferent connections 11 subunits 40 structure and function 10, 11 Noradrenaline, modulation of central transmitters 11, 12 vestibular Opioid peptides, modulation of central central pathways 52, 61 vestibular 65, 66 electrophysiological studies 62, 63 Opsoclonus receptors 61, 62 clinical aspects 215, 216 Nystagmus see also Acquired pendular nystagmus, causes of opsoclonus 217 Congenital nystagmus, Downbeat therapy 216, 217 nystagmus, Episodic ataxia, Periodic pathophysiology and experimental alternating nystagmus, Seesaw studies 216 nystagmus, Spontaneous nystagmus, Oscillopsia Upbeat nystagmus causes 196 benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo elimination by nystagmus velocity 173, 188, 189 reduction 195, 228, 229 decaying of slow phase 196, 197 treatment 197, 198 phases 195 197 treatment Paramedian pontine reticular formation acupuncture 238 afferent and efferent connections base-in prisms 230 7, 8 botulinum toxin 207, 233 235 saccade generation 197 contact lenses 237, 238 structure and function 6, 7, see specific diseases and transmitters 8 245
Paramedian tract pathophysiology and experimental afferent and efferent connections 9 studies 209, 210 structure and function 8, 9 Semont maneuver, benign paroxysmal transmitters 9 positioning vertigo management Perilymph fistula, differential diagnosis 156 181, 183, 186 Periodic alternating nystagmus Serotonin, modulation of central clinical aspects 208 vestibular central pathways 55 causes of nystagmus 209 electrophysiological studies 55 57 therapy 208, 209 receptors 55 pathophysiology and experimental Somatostatin, modulation of central studies 208 vestibular 64, 65 Phenobarbital, nystagmus treatment Spontaneous nystagmus 203, 211, 218 causes 197 Physical therapy definition 196 benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo unilateral vestibular loss 85 87 Brandt-Daroff exercise 180, 181, Square wave jerks 185, 186 clinical aspects 217, 218 Epley maneuver 183, 186 recurrence after therapy 183, 185 causes of jerks 219 Semont maneuver 181, 183, 186 therapy 218 vestibular neuritis management pathophysiology and experimental 129, 130, 132 studies 218 Positional vertigo, see Benign paroxysmal Substance P, modulation of central positioning vertigo vestibular 66, 67, 69 Prednisolone, Menière s disease Superior oblique myokymia management 159, 160 clinical aspects 219 Prepositus hypoglossi nucleus, drug therapy 219, 220 membrane properties and gaze control pathophysiology and experimental 38, 39 studies 219 Propranolol, nystagmus treatment 204 Transtympanic ventilation tubes, Rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial Menière s disease management 161 longitudinal fascicle Tridihexethyl, nystagmus treatment afferent and efferent connections 2 204, 210, 213 saccade generation 197 Tumarkin otolith crisis, see Menière s structure and function 1, 2 disease transmitters 2, 3 Unilateral vestibular loss Saccotomy, Menière s disease management see also Vestibular neuritis 162, 163 clinical features and mechanism Scopolamine asymmetrical horizontal vestibulonystagmus treatment 204 ocular response 85 vestibular neuritis management 129 maintained rolled ocular torsional Seesaw nystagmus position 85 clinical aspects 209 spontaneous nystagmus 85 drug therapy 210 consequences, direct versus indirect 84 86 246
dynamic responses Vestibular evoked myogenic potential, dynamic compensation and vestibuloocular response in unilateral vestibular loss response plasticity 93, 94, 96 92 otolithic stimulation responses 92 Vestibular neuritis posture and gait responses 92, 93 diagnosis rehabilitation 96, 97 caloric testing 116, 117 rotational tests and vestibulo-ocular differential diagnosis 120 122, 154 response 90, 91 high-frequency defect of vestibulo- vestibulo-ocular response time constant ocular response in permanent determination 91, 92 lesions 117, 119, 120 neural correlates of vestibular magnetic resonance imaging compensation 117, 120, 121 models 102 ocular torsion 116 neurochemistry 102, 103 overview 112, 113 otolithic input 100 perceived tilts of visual vertical 116 overview 101, 102 etiology response to horizontal angular history of studies 125 accelerations 98 100 pathomechanism 122 resting activity 97, 98, 100, 101 viral etiology evidence spinal input 101 125 127 recovery incidence 111 rehabilitation 96, 97 management time of recovery and compensating compensation-retarding agents, behaviors 86, 87 avoidance 133 well versus poorly vestibular drug therapy 129 compensated patients 82 84 physical therapy 129, 130, 132 static responses natural course 128 Bechterew phenomenon 89, 90 partial unilateral vestibular loss ocular tilt reaction 87, 89 123 125 spontaneous nystagmus 86, 87 pathophysiology 122, 123 static equilibrium restoration 89 recovery 111, 112 symptoms, overview 82 symptoms Upbeat nystagmus nystagmus 115, 116 clinical aspects 205, 206 overview 111, 113 vertigo and posture 113, 115 causes of nystagmus 207 Vestibulo-ocular response therapy 206, 207 unilateral vestibular loss pathophysiology and experimental asymmetrical horizontal vestibulo- studies 206 ocular response 85 dynamic compensation and vestibuloocular Valproic acid, nystagmus treatment 203 response plasticity 93, 94, 96 Vertebrobasilar insufficiency, differential rotational tests 90, 91 diagnosis 156 time constant determination 91, 92 Vestibular compensation, see Unilateral vestibular neuritis, high-frequency defect vestibular loss in permanent lesions 117, 119, 120 247