Cardiovascular Disorders (Part B-1) Module 5 -Chapter 8 Overview Heart Disorders Vascular Disorders Susie Turner, MD 1/7/13 Heart Disorders Coronary Artery Disease Cardiac Arrhythmias Congestive Heart Failure Congenital Heart Defects Inflammation & Infection of Heart Valvular Disorders 1
General Signs & Symptoms Chest pain SOB/Dyspnea Palpitations Sensation of irregular heart beat Edema Swelling Dizziness Syncope Fainting Fatigue Pallor Paleness Coronary Artery Disease Narrowing of Coronary Arteries Usually due to cholesterol plaques Interfere with O2 supply to cardiac muscle Called Ischemic Heart Disease 2
IHDz Typical S/S Chest pain with radiation to left arm Shortness of Breath (SOB) or Dyspnea on Exertion (DOE) Diaphoresis Excessive Sweating Nausea & Vomiting IHDz 2 Clinical Diagnoses 1. Angina Pectoris Temporary Ischemia Cell Injury 2. Myocardial Infarction Abbreviation MI Heart Attack Prolonged Ischemia Cell death 3
REVIEW Ischemia vs Infarct Ischemia Tissue is oxygen deprived for a short time due to decreased blood supply Cells damaged but no cell death Infarct Tissue is oxygen deprived for an extended time due to decreased blood supply Cell death (necrosis) Thrombus in Coronary Artery Myocardial Infarction 4
Cardiac Arrhythmias Abnormal Cardiac Conduction Affects Rate or Rhythm Irregular or Abnormal Heart Beat Palpitations Common Usually named according to origin Begin in atria Atrial Arrhythmias Begin in ventricle Ventricular Arrhythmias *More serious?? WHY? Tachycardia Heart rate over 100 beats/min Bradycardia Heart rate below 60 beats/min Fibrillation Rapid, uncoordinated heart contractions Contract like a bag of worms General Terms 5
Fibrillation Atrial Fibrillation Risks of blood clots in atria Clots can be pumped to rest of body Emboli Ventricular Fibrillation Most common cause of sudden death Requires electric shock to restore rhythm Cardiac Arrest All activity of heart ceases Asystole Circulatory Arrest Shock Circulation stops or blood flow not able to meet needs of tissues Usually BP of 60/0 or less General Terms 6
Cardiomyopathy Disease or weakening of heart muscle that leads to diminished function. Usually leads to heart failure Many causes Congestive Heart Failure Insufficient Pump Heart unable to meet the needs of the body s tissues & cells. 2 Major Types Right Sided Heart Failure Left Sided Heart Failure 7
Right Sided Heart Failure Also called Cor Pulmonale Weak Right Ventricle Cannot empty completely Blood backs up into Vena Cavae Right Heart Failure Causes Peripheral Edema Especially of Legs & Feet 8
Left Sided Heart Failure Weak Left Ventricle Cannot completely empty Blood backs up into the Lungs Causes Pulmonary Edema Fluid in Lungs Left Heart Failure 9
S/S of Right & Left Sided Heart Failure Congenital Heart Defects Structural defects that develop during the first 8 weeks after conception Patent Ductus Arteriosus Tetralogy of Fallot Coarctation of Aorta 10
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. Leaves a connection between the pulmonary artery & aorta. Tetralogy of Fallot Consists of four congenital heart defects One cause of a blue baby 11
Coarctation of Aorta Narrowing of Part of Aorta Inflammation & Infection in the Heart Pericarditis Myocarditis Endocarditis 12
Pericariditis Inflammation of Pericardium May lead to Pericardial Effusion Excessive Pressure on Heart Myocarditis Inflammation of the heart muscle & conduction cells. Purple dots are stained WBCs 13
Endocarditis Inflammation of the heart s inner lining Endocardium Especially lining of heart valves Usually caused by bacteria. Mitral Valve Prolapse MVP Leaflets of mitral valve prolapsed into left atrium during systole Sometimes causes a characteristic click or murmur Most common valve condition in the United States Valvular Disorders 14