Bellwork: Copy the prefixes. Arthr- joint Carp- wrist Costo- ribs Duc- move Flex- bend Myelo- Osteo- Pod- Tars- Meta- bone marrow bone foot ankle beyond
The Skeletal System
Standards 11) Outline the gross normal structure and function of all body systems and summarize appropriate medical texts in order to relate sign and symptoms of common diseases and disorders associated with each. (the urinary system) 12) Relate a therapeutic procedure or treatment to a specific body system. Create a digital or written artifact explaining anatomy involved with the treatment, reason for treatment, health care professionals assisting or performing treatment and patient education, including precautions that should occur prior to the treatment or procedure. 13) Demonstrate concepts and skills of the following clinical/lab setting: a. Patient Positioning b. Transfers and Ambulation (including injury prevention and body mechanics)
Objectives Identify the structures and functions of the skeletal system Label the axial and appendicular bones Discuss possible diseases and disorders of the skeletal system and their treatments Practice ROM exercises
Functions of the Skeletal System Support Structural support Framework for attachment Discuss: Based on other body systems we have studied, what does the skeleton support? Name specific examples. Storage Calcium reserve Energy reserves (lipids in yellow marrow)
Functions of the Skeletal System Blood Cell Production AKA hemopoiesis (formation of blood s cellular components) RBC and WBC produced in red marrow Protection Surrounds soft tissues and organs Leverage for Movement Change magnitude and direction of forces generated by skeletal muscles
Structures of the Skeletal System: Types of Bones Long Bones Longer than they are wide Ex: humerus, femur Short Bones Roughly equal length and width Ex: carpals, tarsals Flat Bones Thin and broad Ex: ribs Irregular Bones Complex shapes Ex: pelvic girdle, vertebrae
The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton is blue and includes the: skull vertebral column sternum ribs hyoid bone (or laryngeal)
The Skull Lateral View
The Vertebral Column (The Spinal Column) Draw and label
Activity (turn to page 316 in the new book) Draw and describe the following conditions related to the spine: Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis
Sternum and Rib Cage 12 sets of Ribs True, False, Floating What body cavity do the ribs protect?
The Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton is beige and includes shoulder girdles arms wrists hands pelvic girdle legs ankles feet.
The Shoulder Girdle
The Arm Upper Arm Lower Arm
The Hand
The Pelvic Girdle Why do you think the shape of the pelvis Is different between males and females?
Leg bones Upper Leg Lower Leg ------Patella
Ankle and Foot
Activity Go back to your diagram and give the everyday layman s terms to as many bones as possible. (For example: jaw for mandible.) Explain why it is important to know the layman s terms as well as the correct medical terminology. When would you use each?
Connective Bone Tissue Tendons: From our previous lesson, what do tendons connect together? What do they resemble? Ligaments: tough, whitish bands that connect from bone to bone and can withstand heavy stress. Cartilage: Acts as cushion between bones; articular cartilage located on ends of bones and acts as shock absorber, preventing ends from grinding together when you move.
Moveable Bone Joints -Saddle -Ball and Socket -Pivot -Hinge -Ellipsoidal/ Condyloid -Gliding
Immoveable Joints A fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue (for example, the sutures of the skull). At what time did these bones need to be able to move?
Cartilaginous Joint: the joint space is covered in dense connective tissue In males this may shift slightly at times. In females this joint is vital to provide room during vaginal childbirth.
ARTHRITIS: ARTHR/O=JOINT ITIS=INFLAMMATION Signs and symptoms may include: Pain, Stiffness, Swelling, Redness, and Decreased range of motion Osteoarthritis OSTEO=JOINT The most common type, wear-and-tear damage to your joint's cartilage the hard, slick coating on the ends of bones. Enough damage can result in bone grinding directly on bone, which causes pain and restricted movement. Rheumatoid arthritis The body's immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts. This lining, known as the synovial membrane, becomes inflamed and swollen. The disease process can eventually destroy cartilage and bone within the joint.
Compare the types: Treatments Analgesics (pain meds) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) Counterirritants (menthol type creams) Corticosteroids (suppresses immune system) Physical Therapy Surgery
OSTEOPOROSIS Oste/o=bone por/ous= pores in the bone osis=process/condition causes bones to become weak and brittle so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Your bones are in a constant state of renewal new bone is made and old bone is broken down. When you're young, your body makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone and your bone mass increases. Most people reach their peak bone mass by their early 20s. As people age, bone mass is lost faster than it's created.
OSTEOPOROSIS TREATMENT Bisphosphonates (increases bone density) Drugs that promote bone growth Hormone-related therapy (estrogen especially in women after menopause) Increase of vitamins, calcium Vertebroplasty or Kyphoplasty (process of injected bone cement into the vertebral bodies to increase height, also this reduces pain from the bone grinding together. (This procedure can be done in surgery or better yet Interventional Radiology)!!!! A FRACTURE IN THE SPINAL COLUNN IS CALLED A COMPRESSION FRACTURE
Fractures open fracture-breaks through skin closed fracture-does NOT break through skin Which is better?? To have an open fracture or closed fracture?? Why??
Fractures seen on x-ray!!! Can you identify each bone that is broken? Are there any bones that heal on their own? Treatment: Depending on age, location, and severity: cast or surgery, followed by physical therapy.
Bone Cancer Uncommon, usually an error in DNA cell.
Tests and Treatments for Bone Cancer X-ray, Cat Scan, MRI, bone scan, PET scan Treatment: Chemotherapy- chemicals injected into the body to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy- radiation (x-ray) emitted over the patients body, targeting certain areas. Surgery to remove tumors and replace bone with good bone, remove parts of bone, or complete bone removal (especially in the limbs). Prosthetics in certain bones (femur, humerus) can be attached.
Activity Go to class website and choose the Range of Motion (ROM) Activity Make sure to define ALL of the terms including: The FOUR main types, and The SIXTEEN movements Then practice directing and assisting these movements with a partner.
Directed Reading Activity In your group of three choose one of the following directed reading from the website: Care Considerations with Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries Total Knee Replacement and Imaging Computed Tomography of Facial Fractures Each person in your group will choose a different directed reading. You may not do the same one. After you answer the questions, then go to the Extended Learning Assignments tab on the class website. Complete the task for the corresponding professional journal.
Extended Learning!?!? Research the carpals and tarsals. They each have specific names. What are they? Label each on the hand and foot.