Chapter 10 Abnormal Psychology Psychological Disorders
APPROACHES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Approaches Society Individuals Mental Health Professionals
APPROACHES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Approaches to identifying abnormal behavior Not always in agreement Matter of degree It is often more accurate to think of mental illness as simply being quantitatively different from normal behavior Perhaps it should be quantitative difference It is not unusual for people to occasionally see or hear things that aren t there, to feel depressed or anxious, to have morbid thoughts it is unusual if these things are occurring frequently and pervasively
Historical Views of Psychological Disorders Thousands of years ago, mysterious behaviors = supernatural powers Late Middle Ages, mentally illness = confinement to asylums 18th century, emotional illness = witches or demonic possession 19th and 20th centuries, three conflicting models of abnormal behavior
Historical Views of Psychological Disorders Models of Abnormal Behavior biological model psychoanalytic model cognitive-behavioral model
The Biological Model Biological Model psychological disorders are caused by psychological malfunctions from hereditary factors neuroscience neuroimaging techniques neuropharmacology behavior genetics
The Biological Model Considerations No neuroimaging technique can clearly and definitively differentiate among various mental disorders Most drugs can control, rather than cure, abnormal behavior Advances in identification of underlying neurological structures may interfere psychological causes
The Psychoanalytic Model Psychoanalytic Model Behavior disorders symbolic expressions of unconscious conflicts, which can usually be traced to childhood Freud and his followers developed model during late 19th and early 20th centuries Effective problem resolution must include awareness that the source of problems lies in childhood and infancy
The Psychoanalytic Model Consideration Freud and his followers influenced mental health disciplines and Western culture Only weak and scattered scientific evidence supports psychoanalytic theories about causes and effective treatment of mental disorders
The Cognitive-Behavioral Model Cognitive-Behavioral Model psychological disorders, like all behavior, result from learning
The Cognitive-Behavioral Model Consideration cognitive-behavioral model led to innovations in treatment of psychological disorders model criticized for limited perspective, especially emphasis on environmental causes and treatments
The Diathesis-Stress Model and Systems Theory Diathesis-Stress Model biological predisposition, called a diathesis, must combine with stressful circumstance before predisposition to mental disorder is manifested
The Diathesis-Stress Model and Systems Theory Systems Approach biopsychosocial model biological risks, psychological stresses, and social pressures and expectations combine to produce psychological disorders
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders Prevalence Frequency with which given disorder occurs at given time Incidence Number of new cases that arise in given period
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders Roughly 30% of the U.S. population has had or is currently being treated for a mood or an anxiety disorder
Mental Illness and the Law Insanity Legal term, not a psychological one Typically applied to defendants who lacked substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality of their actions (to know right from wrong) or to conform to requirements of the law (to control their behavior) Persons with mental illness typically found legally responsible for crimes committed
Classifying Abnormal Behavior DSM-V (really it should be VI) Complete list of mental disorders increasing acceptance because detailed criteria for diagnosing mental disorders most widely used classification of psychological disorders
MOOD DISORDERS Depression mood disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness, lack of interest in activities, excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness most common disorder
Depression Forms of Depression Major Depressive Disorder Dysthymia Gender Differences
Suicide Suicide Occurrence Hospitalization Rates Gender Differences International Incidence
Suicide Dangerous Myths Someone who talks about committing suicide will never do it Someone who has tried suicide and failed is not serious about it Only people who have experienced failure commit suicide
Suicide Telling a suicidal person that things are not really so bad does no good; the person may view this as further evidence that no one understands his or her suffering.
Mania and Bipolar Disorder Mania Less commonly occurring mood disorder Characterized by euphoric states, extreme physical activity, excessive talkativeness, distractedness, and sometimes grandiosity Bipolar disorder Periods of mania and depression alternate Sometimes with intervening periods of normal mood
Causes of Mood Disorders Genetic Factors Psychological Factors Social Factors
ANXIETY DISORDERS Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Avoidance of anxiety motivates abnormal behavior
ANXIETY DISORDERS Anxiety Disorders Specific phobias Panic disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorders
Specific Phobias Specific Phobia Social Phobias Agoraphobia
Panic Disorder Panic Attacks Panic Disorder
Other Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Causes of Anxiety Disorders Possible Causes learning biological predisposition heredity internal psychological conflicts
PSYCHOSOMATIC AND SOMATOFORM DISORDERS Psychosomatic Disorder Somatoform Disorders Conversion Disorders Hypochondriasis Body Dysmorphic Disorder Somatization Disorder
Freud PSYCHOSOMATIC AND SOMATOFORM DISORDERS Posits physical symptoms often related to traumatic experiences buried in patient s past Cognitive-Behavioral Theorists Investigates how symptomatic behavior rewarded Biological Perspective Indicates some diagnosed somatoform disorders are overlooked or misdiagnosed physical illnesses
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Dissociative Disorders group of disorders some aspect of personality seems separated from rest
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Dissociative Disorders depersonalization disorder dissociative amnesia dissociative fugue dissociative identity disorder
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Cause of dissociative identity disorder not understood may develop as response to childhood abuse may be elaborate kind of role-playing
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Biological data show for some patients various personalities have physiological differences different blood pressure readings different responses to medication different allergies different vision problems different handedness different brain-wave patterns
SEXUAL AND GENDER-IDENTITY DISORDERS Sexual Dysfunction Loss or impairment of ordinary physical responses of sexual function Erectile dysfunction (ED) Female sexual arousal disorder Sexual desire disorders Orgasmic disorders
SEXUAL AND GENDER-IDENTITY DISORDERS Other Problems Premature Ejaculation Vaginismus
SEXUAL AND GENDER-IDENTITY DISORDERS Paraphilias Use of unconventional sex objects or situations to obtain sexual arousal
SEXUAL AND GENDER-IDENTITY DISORDERS Paraphilias Fetishism Voyeurism Exhibitionism Frotteurism Transvestic Fetishism Sexual Sadism Sexual Masochism
SEXUAL AND GENDER-IDENTITY DISORDERS Pedophilia One of most serious paraphilias Defined as engaging in sexual activity with a child, generally under age of 13 Almost all men under age 40 who are close to victims rather than strangers
SEXUAL AND GENDER-IDENTITY DISORDERS Common explanations for pedophilia Poor adjustment to adult sexual role Children as sexual objects in response to stress Unstable social adjustment History of sexual frustration and failure, Low self-esteem Inability to cope with negative emotions
SEXUAL AND GENDER-IDENTITY DISORDERS Gender-identity disorders Desire to become, or insistence that one really is, member of other biological sex
SEXUAL AND GENDER-IDENTITY DISORDERS Gender-identity disorder in children Characterized by rejection of one s biological gender in childhood Clothing and behavior that society considers appropriate to other gender Disorders often apparent from early childhood Increased likelihood of becoming homosexual or bisexual as adults
PERSONALITY DISORDERS Personality disorders Inflexible and maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving Learned early in life Cause distress to person or conflicts with others Many different types
PERSONALITY DISORDERS Types schizoid personality disorder paranoid personality disorder avoidant personality disorder narcissistic personality disorder borderline personality disorder antisocial personality disorder
PERSONALITY DISORDERS Antisocial personality disorder rates Gender differences in U.S. adults Prison inmates Not all people with antisocial personality disorder are convicted criminals Antisocial personality disorder causes Combination of biological predisposition Difficult life experiences Unhealthy social environment
SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS Schizophrenic disorders severe conditions marked by disordered thoughts and communications, inappropriate emotions, and bizarre behavior lasts for months or even years hallucinations delusions
Types of Schizophrenic Disorders Types disorganized schizophrenia catatonic schizophrenia paranoid schizophrenia undifferentiated schizophrenia
Causes of Schizophrenia Research suggests possible causes: genetic component faulty regulation of neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate in CNS pathology in various structures of brain form of early prenatal infection or disturbance drug use family interaction and life stress
CHILDHOOD DISORDERS Children may suffer from conditions already discussed in this chapter. But other disorders are either characteristic of children or are first evident in childhood.
CHILDHOOD DISORDERS Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) childhood disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity affects about 5% of school-age children world wide
CHILDHOOD DISORDERS Possible causes of ADHD altered brain functioning involving the frontal lobe Prevention family interaction and other social experiences may be more important in preventing than in causing ADHD Treatment parent management skills training psychostimulant
CHILDHOOD DISORDERS Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) Broader range of developmental disorders usually evident in first few years of life characterized by lack of social instincts and strange motor behavior failure to form normal attachments to parents typically lasts into adulthood Results almost entirely from biological conditions
Gender Differences Gender differences treatment disorders with and without strong biological component marital status rate of depression
Cultural Differences International cultural variability Ataque de nervios Taijin kyofusho Thai children internalizing problems versus U.S. children externalizing problems