Novel Approaches to Targeting Cancer Stem Cells Dr. Jeffrey M. Rosen C.C. Bell Professor of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Rosen and Jordan, Science 324:1670, 2009 Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression in CD29 H CD24 H Cells CD133 {Prominin1, a marker for both neural and brain CSCs, as well as for small intestine and blood stem cell} CD49f {alpha 6 integrin, known mammary stem cell marker } Dnmt2 Bmi1 {polycomb genes pluripotency and epigenetics} Ezh2 Brca1 Chek1 {DNA damage repair and checkpoint genes} Bub1 Do CSCs React Differently to DNA Double Strand Breaks? DNA damaging therapeutics, such as ionizing radiation (IR), kill tumor cells by inducing DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) Different subpopulations of tumor cells may utilize different DNA repair mechanisms Radioresistance of CSC-enriched Mammospheres Zhang et al. PNAS 2010 1
Altered DNA Damage Repair in CSCs s Altered DNA Damage Repair in CSCs IR t=0 IR t=48s Markers of DNA DSBs: γ-h2ax / and DNA The ALDH + Subpopulation Repairs DSBs More Efficiently Than the ALDH - Subpopulation Since the CSCs that evade radiation and chemotherapy treatment may lead to tumor recurrence and relapse, how can we target them? IR t=30 min IR t=6s IR t= 72s Atkinson et al. Sci Transl Med 2011 Mammosphere Survival Significantly Decreases with XRT and Hyperthermia Surviving Fraction 1.00 0.10 XRT XRT + 1 Hour 42 Hyperthermia is a Potent Radiosensitizer Hyperthermic stress can alter tumor cell survival both in vivo and in vitro With many tumor types, hyperthermia (41 C-43 C) increases and synergizes the therapeutic response to combination therapy P <0.001 0.01 0 2 4 6 Dose (Gy) 2
Hyperthermia Prevents Repair of Double Strand Breaks Atkinson et al Science Trans Med, 2010 + 20 min 42º C Gold Nanoshells Dielectric silica core Thin gold coating Light absorbed by the free electrons on the gold is converted to heat. Core- shell ratio determines the optical characteristic Biocompatiblity (silica, noble metal surface) Acceptable toxicity for high concentration (up to 3% of body weight) of gold in the body Robust structure Less susceptible to chemical/thermal denaturation P < 0.01 BiOS 2008 : 8665-28 Tumour Targeting by EPR Effect Using Gold Nanoshells for Hyperthermia Hyperthermia is generated by nearinfrared illumination of gold nanoshellladen tumors to precisely heat cancer cells Nature Materials 8, 441-443 (2009) Diagaradjane P, et al Nano Lett. 2008 May;8(5):1492-500 Sample Temperature Profile CD29 H /CD24 H Cells Decrease with Combination Treatment T1 T7 3
Tumor Formation Decreases with Radiation Plus Hyperthermia Treatment Radiation 20 minutes NIR 808nm 48 hours Limiting numbers of tumor cells 10,000 1,000 100 10 #4 MG 1 1 2 2 3 3 T1 Tumor Outgrowths Post-treatment Display Altered Pathology Mock Treatment After After + 20 min 10,000 1,000 100 10 Tumor Initiation Cell Frequency (TIC) 95% CI Mock 12/12 12/12 2/12 0/14 1/447 (240-836) 12/12 12/12 6/12 4/14 1/97 (50-190) * + 42 o C 12/12 6/12 0/12 0/14 1/1995 (960-3984) * T7 T1 Tumors Treated with Radiation plus 20 min 42 o C Fail to Repair DNA DS Breaks ALDH+ Cells are Sensitive to Radiation with the Addition of Hyperthermia BCM-2665 + 42 o C 20 minutes MC1 30 minutes 6 Hours ALDH+ Subpopulation in 2665: HSP Expression Changes after Treatment Mechanisms of Thermal Effects 4
Mechanisms of Thermal Effects 42 C Alterations in HSPs 1. Cell Survival 2. Cell Differentiation Dear Prof Rosen, I was most interested to see that your recent paper <http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/in STM was picked up by some of our nonspecialist media here in the UK (for example see here <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1324247/breast-cancer-golden-bullettreatment-uses-metal-thinner-human-hair.html> ). I would like to read the full paper would you be able to forward it on please? Yours sincerely, Trevor Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 2011 108:9851-6. PMID21555554 Dr Trevor Keel Project Manager, Technology WORLD GOLD COUNCIL 10 Old Bailey London EC4M 7NG United Kingdom T: + 44 (0)20 7826 4710 F: + 44 (0)20 7826 4799 M: + 44 (0)7540 821585 www.gold.org <http://www.gold.org/> Induced Synthetic Lethality Collaborators Baylor College of Medicine: Mei Zhang Dan Medina, Frances Kittrell Peggy Goodell, Teresa Venezia Jenny Chang, Mike Lewis, Xiaoxian Li Chad Creighton Jason Herschkowitz Melissa Landis Rachel Atkinson UNC Chapel Hill: Chuck Perou Yale: David Rimm MD Anderson Cancer Center: Wendy Woodward Sendurai Mani Gordon Mills Sunil Krishnan Parmaeswaran Diagaradja http://www.bcm.edu/rosenlab/ 5