Learning Objectives (1&2) By the end of the session, students should be able to: 1) Identify anatomical position seated, standing, prone, supine. 2) Pronounce, define and be able to use directional and surface anatomical terms to refer to head and neck anatomy. 3) Recognize planes of section. 4) Identify and describe characteristics of cells 5) Identify and describe characteristics of tissues 6) Locate and identify the regions of the head and neck. 7) Locate and identify anatomical landmarks on a diagram and on a patient. 8) Discuss normal anatomical variation and how it applies to different structures of the head and neck. 1
Extra and Intra Oral Exam Oral Exam Video: http://www.dentistry.umn.edu/dentalce/oral-cancer-video/index.htm 2
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Head and Neck and Oral Cavity 4
Structure and Function Anatomy = to dissect or cut apart Describes the structures of the body: what they are made of where they are located and their physical associations with other structures Physiology = the study of nature Describes the processes or functions of living things (or how the structures work) 5
Physiology From: Silverthorn Human Physiology an Integrated Approach 6
Organization 2 Smooth muscle cell Cells are made up of molecules. Molecules Atoms 1 Atoms combine to form molecules. 3 Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Cardiovascular system Blood vessel (organ) Heart Blood vessels 6 The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 4 Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. 7 Figure 1.1
Cells 8
Structure-Function of Cells
Epithelial Tissue Covers and protects exposed surfaces Lines internal passageways and chambers Produces glandular secretions
Connective Tissue Fills internal spaces Provides structural support Stores energy Fibers Matrix Ground substance
Smooth muscle tissue can be found in the walls of blood vessels, within glands, and along the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts. Muscular Tissue Contracts to produce active movement Nuclei Skeletal muscle tissue is usually attached to the skeleton, directly or indirectly, and its contractions move or stabilize the position of bones or internal organs. Nucleus Muscle cell Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart, where its coordinated contractions propel blood through the blood vessels.
Nervous Tissue Conducts electrical impulses Carries information Neurons Glia
Organs and Organ Systems 14
Anatomical Position Anatomical Terms In anatomic position, the body is standing erect. The arms are at the sides with the palms and toes directed forward and the eyes looking forward. This position is assumed even when the body is supine (on the back) or prone (on the front) or sitting in a dental chair. Anatomical position is used as the reference position. Where is the heart? Anatomical Terms Landmarks around the body create a map for orientation Map is based on Latin or Greek words used by ancient anatomists 15
Directional Terms Summary & examples are in Table 1-3 16
Practice 17
Surface Anatomy Terms 18
Practice: http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/intro_topics/intro_body_regions_2_s.htm 19
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Planes of Section Three planes exists in space: X, Y and Z. Two are parallel to the long axis of the body: Sagittal parallel to long axis, divides the body into right and left parts midsagittal is plane that lies on the midline Frontal or coronal parallel to long axis, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse or horizontal (cross section) perpendicular to long axis, divides the body into superior and inferior parts 21
Anatomic Nomenclature 22
What do you see when you cut the human body along the 3 planes? 23
Cut along each of the 3 planes and draw A & B A B 5 layer vanilla cake with apricot filling between each layer, vanilla icing on the top and sides 24
3 Planes of Section Through Organ Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ Oblique: cut at any but a right angle 25
Perspective 26
Flexion: bending Extension: straightening Types of Movement Abduction: movement away from midline Adduction: movement toward the midline Pronation: rotation of the forearm with palms down Supination: rotation of the forearm with palms up Rotation: movement of a structure about the long axis Elevate Depress Protract Retract 27
Fill in the Blank 1. The (front) part of the patient s nose is showing sun damage at its bridge. 2. The patient s pharyngeal tissue that is (farther away from median plane) to the right palatine tonsil needs to have a follow-up examination at next week s appointment due to its moderate lymphadenopathy and redness. 3. The patient has a hematoma on the (area that faces away from head and toward feet) part of his chin in the mental region, probably due to trauma from soccer. 4. The biopsy of the lesion taken from the marginal gingiva of the permanent mandibular right central incisor shows hyperplasia in the (section through median plane) section of the epithelium of the gingival tissue. 5. The patient s permanent maxillary right canine is showing (inner side of hollow structure) resorption as noted on by its pinker color. 29
Fill in the Blank 6. Due to crossover-innervation from (opposite) mandible, the patient needed a bilateral incisive block to achieve pain control before the procedure. 7. The (farther away from median plane) surface of the patient s primary mandibular right first molar has increased gingivitis due to her poor level of home care. 8. The (structures located towards surface) part of the patient s right labial commissure of his lips is showing signs of xerostomia. 9. The (pointed end of conical structure) of the patient s tongue has been burned while eating 2 days ago as reported by the patient. 10. The (structures on same side) submandibular lymph nodes that drain the patient s permanent left mandibular third molar are tender when palpated. 30