Appendix 1. Data shown in Table 1

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Age Mean BMI Source Group Status Region Country Population (years) Male Female Source Number Five Cities 25-64 22.7 Settibalija >20 19.87 19.53 South Andhra Pradesh 18-75 21.41 22.34 Wadabalija >20 20.09 19.5 Pakistan Karachi) 40 24.3 26.7 Punjab 30_65 22.9 22.7 Punjab 30_65 21.3 21.2 Wadabalija_rural 20_ 60 20.25 19.35 Singh RB, Beegom R, Verma SP, et al. 2000. Association of dietary factors and other coronary risk factors with social class in women in five cities. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 9: 298-302. 42 : Relationships between body mass index, waist-hip ratio. American Journal of Human Biology 10: 5-21. 34 : Relationships between body mass index, waist-hip ratio Jafar T H, Qadri Z and Chaturvedi N. 2008. Coronary artery disease epidemic in Pakistan: more electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia in women than in men. Heart 94: 408-413. 22 Bhatnagar, D; Anand, Is; Durrington, PN, et al. 1995. Coronary Risk-Factors In People From The Living In West London And Their Siblings In. Lancet 345: 405-409. Bhatnagar et al. 1995 5 Gupta R, Gupta VP, Ahluwalia NS. 1994. Educational status, coronary heart disease, and coronary risk factor prevalence in a rural population of. British Medical Journal 309: 1332-1336. 17 : Relationships between body mass index, waist-hip ratio

Rural_Settibalija 20_ 60 19.12 19.03 Punjab_Jat 19_70 24.48 25.53 Punjab_Ramgarh ias 22_65 23.65 24.28 Punjab_Ravidass ia 20_70 20.69 22.36 : Relationships between body mass index, waist-hip ratio South_Andhra_P radesh_group_i 18_75 18.65 19.45. American Journal of Human Biology 10: 5-21. 34 South_Andhra_P radesh_group_ii 18_75 18.76 19.29. American Journal of Human Biology 10: 5-21. 34 Africa Africa Africa South_Andhra_P radesh_group_iii 18_75 20.94 19.92 South Africa Durban, Natal 35-44 23.5 26.2 South Africa Durban, Natal 45-54 23.1 28.8 South Africa Durban, Natal 55-69 22.8 28. American Journal of Human Biology 10: 5-21. 34 Seedat YK, Mayet FGH, Khan S, Somers SR, Joubert G. 1990. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the s of Durban. South African Medical Journal. 78:443-452. 37 Seedat YK, Mayet FGH, Khan S, Somers SR, Joubert G. 1990. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the s of Durban. South African Medical Journal. 78:443-452. 37 Seedat YK, Mayet FGH, Khan S, Somers SR, Joubert G. 1990. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the s of Durban. South African Medical Journal. 78:443-452. 37

Asia Singapore South Asians 18-69 24.4 25.2 Deurenberg, P; Deurenberg-Yap, M; Schouten, FJM. 2002. Validity of total and segmental impedance measurements for prediction of body composition across ethnic population groups. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 214-220. 11 Asia Singapore South Asians 18-75 24.2 24.9 Asia Singapore South Asians 18-69 24.6 25.8 Asia Singapore South Asians >35 24.9 - Asia Singapore South Asians 30-49 24.2 26.2 Asia Singapore South Asians 50-69 22.8 22.8 Asia Singapore South Asians 18-69 22.5 24.6 Australia Australia Sydney 23-75 24.8 25.6 Deurenberg-Yap, M; Schmidt, G; van Staveren, WA, et al. 2000. The paradox of low body mass index and high body fat percentage among Chinese, Malays and s in Singapore. International Journal of Obesity 24: 1011-1017 12 Relationships between indices of obesity and its comorbidities in multi-ethnic Singapore. International Journal of Obesity 25:1554-1562 13 Saha, N; Talmud, PJ; Tay, JSH, et al. 1996. Lack of association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with CAD in two Asian populations. Clinical Genetics 50: 121-125. 36 Hughes, K; Yeo, Ppb; Lun, KC, et al. 1990. Cardiovascular- Diseases in Chinese, Malays, and s in Singapore.2. Differences in Risk Factor Levels Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 44: 29-35. 20 Hughes, K; Yeo, Ppb; Lun, KC, et al. 1990. Cardiovascular- Diseases in Chinese, Malays, and s in Singapore.2. Differences in Risk Factor Levels Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 44: 29-35. 20 Hughes, K; Yeo, Ppb; Lun, KC, et al. 1990. Cardiovascular- Diseases in Chinese, Malays, and s in Singapore.2. Differences in Risk Factor Levels Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 44: 29-35. 20 Devanapalli, B; Lee, S; Mahajan, D, et al. 2002 Lipoprotein (a) in an immigrant population sample in Australia. British Journal of Biomedical Science 59: 119-122. 14 Australia Australia Sydney 23-75 24.8 25.3 Mahajan, D; Bermingham, MA. 2004. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in two similar population groups, one residing in, and the other in Sydney, Australia. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58: 751-760. 27

Europe Netherlan ds Indo-Surinamese 35-60 26.4 27.5 Agyemang, C; Bindraban, N; Mairuhu, G, et al. 2005. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among Black Surinamese, South Asian Surinamese and White Dutch in Amsterdam, The Netherlands: the SUNSET study. Journal of Hypertension 23: 1971-1977. 1 Europe Norway Oslo 30-67 26.7 28.5 Jenum, AK; Holme, I; Graff-Iversen, S, et al. 2005. Ethnicity And Sex Are Strong Determinants Of Diabetes In An Urban Western Society: Implications For Prevention. Diabetologia 48: 435-439. 23 Europe UK Bangladeshis 35-69 23.9 23.7 Europe UK Gujarati s 45-74 25.2 26.8 Europe UK Jat 23-70 27.1 27.17 Europe UK Pakistanis >19 25.1 - Europe UK Ramgarhias 30-70 27.4 29.85 Europe UK Ravidassia 23-60 26.37 29.51 Mckeigue, Pm; Marmot, Mg; Court, Yds, Et Al. 1988. Diabetes, Hyperinsulinemia, and Coronary Risk-Factors in Bangladeshis in East London. British Heart Journal 60: 390-396. 28 Cruickshank, Jk; Cooper, J; Burnett, M, Et Al. 1991. Ethnic- Differences In Fasting Plasma C-Peptide And Insulin In Relation To Glucose-Tolerance And Blood-Pressure. Lancet 338: 842-847. 10 Bose, K. 1999. Relationship of age and the body mass index with subcutaneous adiposity in adult European and migrant South Asian males resident in Peterborough, England. Journal of Human Ecology 10: 41-45 7 Europe UK South Asians 40-60 25.3 - Zoratti, R; Godsland, IF; Chaturvedi, N, et al. 2000. Relation of plasma lipids to insulin resistance, nonesterified fatty acid levels, and body fat in men from three ethnic groups: Relevance to variation in risk of diabetes and coronary disease. Metabolism- Clinical and Experimental 49: 245-252. 44

Europe UK South Asians >19 24 - Europe UK South Asians 40-64 25.7 27 Europe UK South Asians 40-59 24.8 27.1 Europe UK South Asians 25-74 25.4 27 Europe UK South Asians 45-54 25 - Bose, K. 1999. Relationship of age and the body mass index with subcutaneous adiposity in adult European and migrant South Asian males resident in Peterborough, England. Journal of Human Ecology 10: 41-45. 7 Mckeigue, Pm; Shah, B; Marmot, Mg. 1991. Relation of Central Obesity and Insulin Resistance with High Diabetes Prevalence and Cardiovascular Risk in South Asians. Lancet 337: 382-386. 29 Cappuccio, FP; Cook, DG; Atkinson, RW, et al. 1998. The Wandsworth Heart and Stroke Study. A population-based survey of cardiovascular risk factors in different ethnic groups. Methods and baseline findings. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 8: 371-385. 8 Williams, R; Bhopal, R; Hunt, K. 1993. Health of a Punjabi Ethnic-Minority in Glasgow - A Comparison with the General- Population. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 47: 96-102. 43 Miller, Gj; Kotecha, S; Wilkinson, Wh, Et Al. 1988. Dietary And Other Characteristics Relevant For Coronary Heart-Disease in Men of, West- and European Descent In London. Atherosclerosis 70: 63-72. 30 Europe UK South Asians 40-66 - 27 Europe UK South Asians 30-65 26.8 27.4 Pomerleau, J; McKeigue, PM; Chaturvedi, N. 1999. Factors associated with obesity in South Asian, Afro-Caribbean and European women. International Journal Of Obesity 23: 25-33. 32 Bhatnagar, D; Anand, Is; Durrington, PN, et al. 1995. Coronary Risk-Factors In People From The Living In West London And Their Siblings In. Lancet 345: 405-409. Bhatnagar et al. 1995 5 North America Canada South Asians 35-75 26 26.5 North America USA California 29-59 25.9 26.5 Anand, S; Yusuf, S; Vuksan, V, et al. 2000. Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the Study of Health Assessment and Risk in Ethnic groups (SHARE). Lancet 356: 279-284. 2 Misra, KB; Endemann, SW; Ayer, M. 2006. Measures of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Americans in Northern California. Ethnicity and Disease 16: 331-337. 31

Oceania New Zealand Auckland and Cape Metropole areas 20-60 - 26.1 Rush, EC; Goedecke, J; Jennings, C, et al. 2007. BMI, fat and muscle differences in urban women of five ethnicities from two countries. International Journal of Obesity 31: 1232-1239. 35