Important Psychologists AP REVIEW
Founders of Psychology WILLHELM WUNDT, WILLIAM JAMES, EDWARD TITCHENER, GESTALT
Wilhelm Wundt Father of Psychology What happens when we experience sensations, images, and feelings? Main term to know: Introspection looking inward
William James Founder of American Psychology, 1 st Text Main term to know: FUNCTIONALISM Focus on the function or purpose of consciousness and how it leads to adaptive behavior
Edward Titchener Main term to know: Structuralism Tried to analyze the structure of mental life into basic elements or building blocks examined the STRUCTURE of the mind
Gestalt Psychology Gestalt means whole in German Looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole and assumes THE WHOLE IS MORE THAN JUST THE SUM OF ITS PARTS
Psychodynamic Psychologists SIGMUND FREUD, ALFRED ADLER, KAREN HORNEY, CARL JUNG
Sigmund Freud Concepts to know: Unconscious Desires- Id, Ego, Superego Wish Fulfillment Dream Theory- Manifest vs. Latent Content Psychosexual Stages Defense Mechanisms Free Association Transference
Neo Freudians Carl Jung Collective unconscious & archetypes
Neo Freudians Alfred Adler Personality develops from innate desire to control our environment & overcome helplessness Strive for Superiority - overall fulfillment
Neo Freudians Karen Horney Countered Freud s penis envy w/ WOMB ENVY Women feel inferior because of cultural & political restrictions. People in general must deal with neurotic needs
Behavioral/Learning Psychologists PAVLOV, WATSON, SKINNER, THORNDIKE, TOLMAN, BANDURA, KOHLER
Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning: UCS and UCR NS/CS and CR
John Watson Classical Conditioning: Little Albert Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination Extinction
Edward Thorndike Law of Effect Precursor to OPERANT CONDITIONING Puzzle Box showed The Law of Effect Behavior is strengthened when a reward follows.
B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning Organism learns by operating on the environment. How is behavior changed by consequences? Skinner Box & Schedules of Reinforcement Shows how often an animal responds in a specific period of time.
B.F. Skinner (continued) Operant Conditioning P/N Reinforcement Premack Principle Shaping P/N Punishment Fixed/Variable Interval/Ratio
Albert Bandura Social Learning Observational Learning Vicarious Learning Modeling Bobo doll experiment & aggression
Wolfgang Kohler- Cognitive Learning INSIGHT LEARNING: Learning occurs all of a sudden through understanding relationships NOT trial and error.
Martin Seligman- Cognitive Learning LEARNED HELPLESSNESS- Tendency to give up any effort to control your environment
Edward Tolman- Cognitive Learning Latent Learninglearning will occur but will not present itself until offered reinforcement/reason to do so GROUP A: Always reinforced GROUP B: Never reinforced GROUP C: Reinforced after 10 days Ex: Cognitive Maps
Developmental Psychologists CHOMSKY, AINSWORTH, GILLIGAN, KOHLBERG, HARLOW, PIAGET, ERIKSON, VYGOTSKY
Jean Piaget- Cognitive Development 4 distinct stages: sensorimotor, preoperational (object permanence), concrete operational (conservation), formal operational Schemas- Assimilation vs. Accommodation
Lev Vygotsky- Social and Emotional Development Theory: Unless a child is emotionally and socially developed, they will never progress past the point of being an animal in nature
Erik Erikson & Psychosocial Stages Each stage focuses on a crisis or issue that must be resolved otherwise will fixate at that stage
Harry Harlow- Social/Emotional Development Rhesus monkeys Wire vs. cloth mother Result: babies prefer comfort over food Monkeys without comfort had psychological problems later in life
Ainsworth- Social/Emotional Development Strange Situation Attachment patterns Secure Insecure Avoidant Ambivalent
Diana Baumrind- Social/Emotional Development
Kohlberg- Moral Development
Carol Gilligan- Moral Development Kohlberg s theory is sexistbelieves the stages are applicable only to men. Theory: Men focus on justice and women focus on caring and compassion
Noam Chomsky- Language Development
Social Psychologists ASCH, MILGRAM, ZIMBARDO, LEWIN, JANIS
Solomon Asch- Conformity Linear Perception Test 70% conformed to incorrect group answer at least 1 time
Stanley Milgram- Compliance and Obedience 2/3 shocked to highest value (450 volts) Result: average people will hurt others when listening to an authority figure
Philip Zimbardo- Conformity and Role Play Stanford Prison Experiment Result: average people will play into role they are given, the power of the situation has control over human behavior
Kurt Lewin- Leadership Styles Three leadership styles: Democratic (concluded is best) Autocratic Permissive
Cognitive Psychologists- Intelligence GARDNER, CAT TELL, EYSENCK, BINET, WECHSLER, STERNBERG
Alfred Binet- Mental Age Alfred Binet French psychologist (early 1900s) Identified & studied children performing poorly in schools. Aged-Graded Test Items Chronological Age compared w/ Mental Age Stanford-Binet Test English Language Version of the Binet Exam
David Wechsler 3 Key Differences from Binet Included VERBAL & NON-VERBAL subtests Constructed so that success was less dependent on having a formal education Subtests were scored separately Special Versions WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WISC: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Robert Sternberg- Triarchic Theory Analytic Creative Practical
Howard Gardner- Multiple Intelligences
Psychometric Theory Leading Psychologists Emphasizes products of intelligence (IQ Scores) Charles Spearman: Two factor theory- g & s L.L. Thurstone: 7 primary mental abilities Raymond Cattell: Fluid Int. & Crystallized Int.
Information Processing Model Leading Psychologists Emphasizes mental processes involved in intelligent behavior. Earl Hunt: Int. is related to attention & processing speed. Hans Eysenck: Resources (working memory) lead to int. behavior.
Emotion JAMES-LANGE, CANNON-BARD, SCHACHTER-SINGER
James-Lange/Peripheral Theory
Cannon s Central Theory/Cannon-Bard Sent to ANS from thalamus Sent to cerebral cortex from thalamus
Cognitive Theory: Schachter-Singer (2 Factor Theory) Update: Excitation Transfer: Carrying over arousal from one experience to an independent situation
Personality Psychologists FREUD, COSTA & MCCRAE, HIPPOCRATES, ALLPORT, CAT TELL, EYSENCK
Sigmund Freud Concepts to know: Id, Ego, Superego Psychosexual Stages Oral Anal Phallic Latency Period Genital
Hippocrates Personality or behavioral tendency is based on amount of 4 bodily fluids associated with traits Blood (Optimistic) Phlegm (Slow/Lethargic) Black Bile (Melancholic) (Sad/Depressive) Yellow Bile (Choleric) (Irritable/Angry)
Gordon Allport- Trait Theory Central Traits Obvious to others Control behavior in many situations Reliable/Outgoing Secondary Traits Seen only in certain situations Control less of a person s behavior Dislikes Crowds
Raymond Cattell- Trait Theory Measured personality traits using the following technique: Asked people to rate themselves on trait descriptive terms (identified by Allport) Used factor analysis to study which terms related to one another (Moody Unsociable?) Found 16 factors now measured by the 16PF
Costa & McCrae- Trait Theory
Hans Eysenck- Trait Theory Suggested most people s traits can be described using 2 dimensions. Introversion/ Extraversion Outgoing VS Reserved Emotionality/ Stability Anxious VS Relaxed
Maslow- Humanistic Deficiency Orientation Growth Orientation Peak Experience
Carl Roger s Self Theory- Humanism Actualizing Tendency Motivated by innate inclination towards growth and fulfillment Personality is the expression of actualization Positive Regard The need to gain other s approval- early personality growth Parents, peers, teachers, etc. Congruency When self-concept does match ideal self and others evaluations Incongruency When self-concept does not match ideal self or others evaluations