ERADICATION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN SLOVENIA Presentation for VI International M. bovis Conference Ocepek M., Pate M., Maurer Wernig J., Pirš T.
2,050,000 people 461,500 cattle
63% of the land is covered by forest Average size of the farm is 0.06 km 2 Average number of cattle per farm is 13 2003 9.7 1962 3.6
History First description: Dr. Simon Strupi. 1851 The period between 1891 and 1900: The disease was detected in 0.19% of animals in abattoirs. Regulations (1909): only open TB must be reported, milk from cow with udder TB is not for sale. The period between world wars: First tuberculin (TB) skin testing, performed at some large farms in 1922, showed that 70% of animals were positive. In general, the proportion of positive animals in abattoirs did not exceed 1% Regulations (1928): Additional to old regulation: infected animals must be slaughtered and also severe intestinal, uteral and udder TB must be reported. After the Second World War: A planned TB skin testing in community farms in Yugoslavia started in 1947. As a result, 8.05% positive cattle were found (out of 14.196).
Eradication In 1954, the Federal Vet. Administration introduced basic measures for eradication of btb monitoring compulsory slaughtering of all positive animals prohibition of movement of animals prohibition of trade with milk and products of animal origin from the infected holdings. General TB skin testing was not performed until 1962.
General TB testing GT Year Herds Bovine animals No. of tested % of positive* No. of tested % of positive** I. 1962-63 111751 0.95 404766 0.41 II. 1966-68 134919 0.31 428912 0.15 III. 1971-73 115718 0.21 430837 0.08 IV. 1974-76 110417 0.08 453427 0.07 V. 1978-80 96643 0.07 469184 0.04 VI. 1981-83 95535 0.03 485005 0.013 VII. 1984-87 79090 0.01 445209 0.013 VIII. 1988-91 71623 0.01 425473 0.007 1964-65 (FMD) 142585 0.13 GT = general TB testing * = % of positive herds: at least one animal in a herd showed + reaction to the tuberculin test ** = % of positive animals: animals, which showed + reaction to the tuberculin test
Year Herds Bovine animals No. of tested % of positive* No. of tested % of positive** 1992-93 45143 0.004 197858 0.001 1994-95 29042 0.003 143674 0.001 1996 3883 0.000 28885 0.000 1997 4330 0.069 34313 0.009 1998 4276 0.000 35645 0.000 1999 7273 0.027 62873 0.003 2000 8727 0.046 111574 0.004 2001 9631 0.000 130158 0.000 2002 12525 0.008 67293 0.001
Officially tuberculosis free status % of bovine herds confirmed as infected with TB has not exceeded 0.1% per year of all herds for six consecutive years and at least 99.9% of the herds must have been or remained OTF for at least six consecutive years Each bovine animal is identified in accordance with Community legislation All bovine animals slaughtered are subjected to an official post-mortem examination Year Total No. of cattle No. of Officially free herds Suspended herds tested Herds Animals animals Herds % Herds % 2003 48205 469592 354205 48205 100 0 0 2004 46041 470807 402514 46033 99.983 8 0.017 2005 44123 478511 0 44122 99.998 1 0.002 2006 42306 467700 444962 42306 100 0 0 2007 40070 475112 0 40070 100 0 0 2008 38628 466670 446699 38628 100 0 0 >25,000,000
Year Total No. of cattle No. of tested Officially free herds Suspended herds Herds Animals animals Herds % Herds % 2009 37.449 470.211 127.561 37.449 100 0 0 2010 36.293 465.720 162.366 36.293 100 0 0 2011 35.225 457.634 148.956 35.225 100 0 0 2012 34.339 456.742 140.507 34.339 100 0 0 2013 33.917 461.461 140.104 33.917 100 0 0
Bacteriological examinations Year Examined Positive Other mycobacteria animal herds animal herds 1989 26 8 5 1 M. avium 1990 11 9 3 1 Nontuberculous mycobacteria 1991 11 11 0 0 1992 6 6 0 0 Nontuberculous mycobacteria 1993 9 9 1 -? 1 -? M. sp. 1994 9 9 1 -? 1 -? 1995 7 7 0 0 M. sp.; 31 confirmed positive animals (M. bovis) from import (abattoir) 1996 4 4 0 0 Nontuberculous mycobacteria, M. avium, M. gordonae. 1997 11 11 0 0 1998 9 9 0 0 1999 4 4 0 0 2000 10 6 0 0 M. tuberculosis, M. avium (2) 2001 11 10 0 0 R. equi (2) 2002 4 4 0 0 M. avium (2); 2 confirmed positive animals (M. bovis) from import (abattoir)
Bacteriological examinations Examined Year Positive Other mycobacteria animal herds animal herds 2003 1 1 0 0 M. avium 2004 0 0 0 0 2005 1 1 1 1 M. caprae 2006 16 16 0 0 2007 12 12 0 0 2008 18 18 0 0 2 M. sp., M. avium 2009 16 16 0 0 M. gordonae, M. peregrinum 2010 19 19 0 0 M. gordonae 2011 21 21 0 0 M. gordonae, M intracellulare, M. fortuitum 2012 12 12 1 1 M. caprae (imported from EU country) 2013 5 5 0 0
Wildlife species included in the study 2010-2013 and species of mycobacteria identified. Animal species Tested Positive Mycobacteria identified No. % Red deer (Cervus elaphus) 122 17 13.9 M. avium subsp. hominissuis (n=3), M. confluentis (n=2), M. intracellulare (n=2), M. peregrinum (n=2), M. engbaekii (n=1), M. nonchromogenicum (n=1), M. vaccae (n=1), Mycobacterium sp. (n=5) Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) 87 8 9.2 M. peregrinum (n=4), M. avium subsp. hominissuis (n=1), M. celatum (n=1), M. intracellulare (n=1), M. neoaurum (n=1) Wild boar (Sus scrofa) 44 8 18.2 M. fortuitum (n=2), M. terrae (n=2) M. intracellulare (n=1), M. peregrinum (n=1) Mycobacterium sp. (n=2) Fallow deer (Dama dama) 5 2 40 M. avium subsp. hominissuis (n=2) Wolf (Canis lupus) 20 0 0 - Badger (Meles meles) 8 0 0 - Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) 8 0 0 - Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) 6 0 0 - Mouflon (Ovis aries orientalis) 2 0 0 - Polecat (Mustela putorius) 1 0 0 - Ibex (Capra ibex) 1 0 0 - Stone marten (Martes foina) 1 0 0 - Jackal (Canis aureus) 1 1 100.0 M. avium subsp. avium (n=1) Total 306 36 11.8 11 species
Current situation 3-year interval (1st 2009-2011, 2nd 2012-2014) TB skin test (single, cervical) in all animals > 6 weeks in 33% herds a year positive reactors culled, submitted to bacteriology herd negative when two consequent tests negative (6 month interval) official post mortem examination for all slaughtered bovine animals no wildlife reservoir found until now last domestic case in 2005 situation can change
Acknowledgements Data were obtained from regular disease monitoring programme financed by RS - Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, Veterinary Sector and Plant Protection