Exampro GCSE Biology B Chapter 3 Drugs Foundation tier Name: Class: Author: Date: Time: 82 Marks: 82 Comments: Page of 33
Q. Thalidomide is a drug that was developed in the 950s. In the 950s some pregnant women took thalidomide to prevent morning sickness during pregnancy. Today, thalidomide is not used to prevent morning sickness. (a) (i) Give one medical use of thalidomide, today. () Today, before a woman is given thalidomide, she is checked to see if she is pregnant told to use two different methods of contraception at the same time. Give the reason why: the woman is checked to see if she is pregnant the woman is told to use two different methods of contraception at the same time (b) The information is about two types of contraceptive pill used by women. Combined pill contains two hormones is taken for 2 days, then no pills are taken for 7 days > 99 % effective at preventing pregnancy increases chance of headaches increases chance of breast cancer decreases chance of cancer of the ovary Mini-pill contains one hormone must be taken at the same time every day < 99 % effective at preventing pregnancy increases chance of breast cancer (i) Which two hormones does the combined pill contain? Draw a ring around two answers. LH oestrogen progesterone FSH Page 2 of 33
Give two advantages of taking the combined pill and not the mini-pill. (iii) Give one advantage of taking the mini-pill and not the combined pill. () (Total 8 marks) Q2. Nicotine is a drug in tobacco smoke. Smoking tobacco is harmful. (a) (i) Many smokers find it difficult to stop smoking. Complete the sentence. It is difficult to stop smoking because nicotine is very.... () Nicotine affects synapses in the brain. What is a synapse? () Page 3 of 33
(b) A drug company has developed a new drug, Drug A, to help people stop smoking. Doctors tested the drug in a double-blind trial with over 2000 volunteers who were smokers. The volunteers wanted to stop smoking. The volunteers were divided into three groups. Each volunteer took a tablet once a day for 2 weeks: group took Drug A group 2 took Drug B (a drug already in use to stop people smoking) group 3 took a placebo. The smoking habits of each group were recorded for a year. (i) What is a placebo? () Why is a placebo group used in drug trials? () (iii) Which people knew what was in each tablet, in this trial? Tick ( ) one box. Both doctors and volunteers Doctors but not volunteers Neither doctors nor volunteers () (iv) It is important that the three groups of volunteers should be similar. Give two factors that should be similar in the groups of volunteers.... 2... Page 4 of 33
(c) The table shows the results of the trials. Tablet Percentage of volunteers who had stopped smoking After 2 weeks After year Drug A 44 23 Drug B 30 5 Placebo 8 0 A doctor looked at the results of the tests. The doctor suggested that a smoker who wanted to give up smoking should use Drug A. Why? () (Total 8 marks) Page 5 of 33
Q3. Scientists did a survey of drug use by people aged 5 to 8. The scientists asked 50 females and 50 males to fill in questionnaires about drugs they had used in the previous six months. The chart shows the results of the survey. (a) (i) How many of the 5 8 year-olds had used cocaine in the previous six months? () What proportion of the 5 8 year old females had used cannabis in the previous six months? () (b) The pattern of drug use by females and males for one drug was different from the pattern for the other three drugs. For which drug was this pattern different from the other three drugs? () (c) The data in the chart might be unreliable. Suggest one reason why. () Page 6 of 33
(d) 5 8 year olds are advised not to smoke cannabis. Give one reason why. () (Total 5 marks) Q4. Drugs affect the human body. (a) Draw one line from each drug to the correct information about the drug. Drug Information Used to boost heart rate Cannabis Used to treat leprosy Steroid May cause mental illness in some people Stimulant Used to increase muscle growth Thalidomide Used to treat measles (4) (b) New drugs must be tested and trialled before being used. (i) New drugs are tested in a laboratory before they are trialled on people. What are new drugs tested on in a laboratory? () Page 7 of 33
Why is it important that drugs are trialled before doctors give them to patients? Tick ( ) two boxes. To check that the drug works To check the cost of the drug To find out if the drug is legal To find the best dose to use (iii) In a double blind drug trial, only some people know which patients have been given the drug. Who knows which patients have been given the drug? Tick ( ) one box. The patient and the doctor Only the doctor Only scientists at the drug company () Page 8 of 33
(c) Doctors trialled four different treatments for reducing the risk of heart disease. Each treatment was trialled on the same number of patients for 5 years. The patients did not have heart disease at the start of the trial. The graph below shows the results. Treatment (i) How many patients who took aspirin needed treatment for heart disease during the trial? Number of patients =... () Based only on the evidence in the graph, which would be the best treatment to reduce the risk of developing heart disease? () (iii) Suggest one other factor that a doctor might consider before deciding which treatment to use for a patient. () (Total marks) Page 9 of 33
Q5. The photograph shows an athlete at the start of a race. Wavebreakmedia Ltd./Thinkstock (a) The athlete s sense organs contain special cells. These special cells detect changes in the environment. (i) List A shows changes in the environment. List B shows some of the athlete s sense organs. Draw one line from each change in the environment in List A to the sense organ detecting the change in List B. List A Change in the environment Sight of the finishing line Sound of the starting gun Pressure of the ground on the fingers List B Sense organ Ear Nose Eye Skin (3) Page 0 of 33
Which cells detect changes in the environment? Tick ( ) one box. Gland cells Muscle cells Receptor cells () (b) During the race, the concentration of sugar in the athlete s blood decreases. Why? () (c) Some athletes use anabolic steroids to improve performance. (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. breathing rate. Anabolic steroids increase growth of muscles. heart rate. () Sporting regulations ban the use of anabolic steroids. Suggest one reason why. () (Total 7 marks) Q6. Cannabis is an illegal drug. (a) What type of illness might be caused by smoking cannabis regularly? () Page of 33
(b) The graph shows the use of cannabis by 6 24 year olds in the UK between 996 and 2008. Year (i) Use the graph to predict the percentage of 6 24 year olds who will use cannabis in 204. Show your working on the graph. Percentage =... Illegal drugs are classified as Class A, Class B or Class C. Class C drugs are the least dangerous. In 2004, the government changed the classification of cannabis from Class B to Class C. In 2009, the government changed the classification of cannabis back from Class C to Class B. Do you think that changing the classification of cannabis back to a Class B drug will reduce the percentage of 6 24 year olds who use cannabis? Use evidence from the graph to explain your answer. (Total 5 marks) Page 2 of 33
Q7. It is legal in the UK to use certain recreational drugs but illegal to use others. (a) Tobacco is a legal drug. Pregnant women are strongly advised not to smoke. Explain how a fetus may be affected if the mother smokes tobacco............. (b) Illegal drugs are classified as Class A, B or C. Class A drugs are the most dangerous. The use of Class A drugs attracts the most serious punishments and fines. Cannabis is a Class C drug. These are some facts about cannabis. It is less addictive than amphetamines, tobacco or alcohol. It may cause mental illness. It does not seem to cause major social problems. It may be a gateway drug to more harmful substances. It has a higher tar content than tobacco. It has an effect on the heart, similar to the effects of exercise. It can upset the control of blood pressure. Use the above information to answer these questions. (i) Give two reasons why many people think that cannabis should be classified as a Class A or Class B drug........ 2....... Page 3 of 33
Give two reasons why many people think that cannabis should not be classified as an illegal drug........ 2....... (Total 6 marks) Q8. New drugs have to be thoroughly tested before they are sold. The diagram shows a time line for the testing of a new drug. (a) What is the main purpose of pre-clinical testing? () (b) In Phase of the clinical testing, very low doses of the new drug are used on a small number of volunteers. (i) What is the main purpose of Phase testing? () In Phase testing, healthy volunteers are used rather than patients. Suggest one reason for this. () Page 4 of 33
(c) What is the main purpose of the Phase 2 and Phase 3 testing? () (d) During Phase 3 testing, many of the patients are given a placebo. (i) What is meant by a placebo? () During the testing, who knows which patients are receiving the placebo? Tick ( ) one box. Only the patients Only the doctors Both patients and doctors Neither patients nor doctors () (Total 6 marks) Q9. Many people use drugs recreationally. (a) (i) What is meant by the recreational use of drugs?.... () Explain why a person might become addicted to a recreational drug......... Page 5 of 33
(b) Some people move on from using one type of recreational substance to using another. Some recreational substances are legal, but some are illegal. Illegal drugs are classified as Class A, B or C. Class A drugs are the most dangerous. The table below shows government statistics linking the use of pairs of recreational substances. A + in the table shows that there is a strong statistical link between the use of two substances. For example, people who use solvents are very likely to have used tobacco before using solvents. This is shown by a +, in the table. Home Office statistics (Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen s Printer for Scotland.) Reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence. (i) Many people think that using cannabis leads onto using class A drugs. Does the data in the table support this view? Draw a ring around your answer. Yes / No Use data from the table to support your answer....... () Page 6 of 33
What is most likely to lead people to use class A drugs? Use data from the table to support your answer............. (Total 6 marks) Q0. Many people use recreational drugs. (a) Give one example of: (i) a legal recreational drug... () an illegal recreational drug.... () (b) Some recreational drugs are addictive. (i) Give one example of a recreational drug that is very addictive.... () Explain how the action of a drug makes a person become addicted to it....... () Page 7 of 33
(c) Some doctors think that smoking cannabis causes depression. Doctors investigated the cannabis smoking habits of 500 young adults. The table shows the percentage of cannabis smokers in the investigation who became depressed. How many times the men or women had smoked cannabis in the last 2 months Percentage of men who became depressed Percentage of women who became depressed Less than 5 times 9 6 More than 5 times, but less than once per week 0 7 4 times per week 2 3 Every day 5 68 From the data, give two conclusions that can be drawn about the relationship between cannabis and depression....... 2...... (Total 6 marks) Q. Diet and exercise affect health. (a) Many people are obese (very overweight). Obesity can lead to heart disease. Other than heart disease, name two conditions which are linked to obesity.... 2... Page 8 of 33
(b) The graph shows the number of deaths from heart disease each year in the UK. The pattern for deaths from heart disease in men is different from the pattern in women. (i) Give two differences between the patterns for men and women.... 2... Suggest two reasons for the difference in the number of deaths from heart disease in men and women between the ages of 40 and 60.... 2... Page 9 of 33
(c) Scientists have developed drugs to reduce the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. Give the three main stages in testing a new drug before it is sold to the public.... 2... 3... (3) (Total 9 marks) Q2. Some athletes use drugs containing the steroid testosterone to improve their performance. In an investigation: scientists monitored the performance of 8 male athletes over a 6 week training programme 9 athletes were given weekly injections of testosterone with the dose of 3.5 milligrams per kilogram of body mass, for 6 weeks the other 9 athletes were given a placebo the athletes performance on a bench press exercise was measured at 3 weeks and 6 weeks. Page 20 of 33
The graph shows the results of the investigation. David Cohen, Steroids boost performance in just weeks, New Scientist Magazine 2 August 2004 (a) The data would have been better presented as a bar chart. Give a reason why. () (b) Suggest what was given as a placebo in this investigation. () (c) Describe the results of the investigation. Page 2 of 33
(d) Most internet advertisements for testosterone state that athletes need to use testosterone for at least 0 weeks to significantly improve performance. Do the results of this investigation support the statement in the advertisements? Give one reason for your answer. () (Total 5 marks) Page 22 of 33
M. (a) (i) any one from: ignore cancer / AIDS as a sleeping pill do not accept morning sickness treating leprosy thalidomide causes birth defects / abnormalities / described in this order ignore kill / harm / damage baby to be (more) sure of not getting pregnant allow to be certain there is no baby or in case one doesn t work (b) (i) oestrogen progesterone any two from: reduce chances of ovarian cancer more effective (in preventing pregnancy) no pills (to remember) for 7 days (out of every 28) allow only taken for 2 days (out of 28) doesn't have to be taken at the same time every day 2 (iii) less chance of headaches ignore won't get headaches or less chance of forgetting allow lower dose of hormone allow fewer side effects ignore only contains one hormone [8] M2. (a) (i) addictive allow addicting / addict / addicted / addiction or similar allow phonetic spelling do not accept / additive / addition Page 23 of 33
junction / gap / space between neurones allow nerve cells / nerves for neurones allow idea where neurones / nerve cells / nerves meet / join (b) (i) tablet with no drug accept answers that convey this idea eg fake / dummy / sugar pill allow injection with no drug ignore drugs that don t work. (iii) (iv) for comparison accept to see if drug / it works allow to see psychological effect or make sure, it is not all in the mind allow as a control ignore to make test fair / unbiased Neither doctors nor volunteers any two from: age (range) sex / gender (mix) previous smoking habits or eg number smoked (before trial) or length of time smoked number in the group other drugs being taken or general health or height / weight / BMI / lifestyle / fitness ignore factors already controlled ignore reference to all smokers or all want to give up 2 (c) higher percentage / number of smokers who had stopped smoking (than Drug B) answers must refer to data and be comparative allow best results / most effective ignore best drug unqualified ignore references to 2 weeks / year [8] M3. (a) (i) 6 Page 24 of 33
/5 or 0/50 or one fifth or 20% or in 5 or 0.2 or :4 or to 4 do not allow :5 or to 5 (b) heroin apply list principle (c) people not honest in answers allow small sample / people from same area do not accept unequal numbers of men and women (d) might lead to mental illness / named ignore cancer / lung disease / tar / damages brain cells or might lead to more addictive / hard drugs / named hard drugs accept gateway drug ignore addictive / slows reactions [5] M4. (a) extra line from any drug cancels that mark 4 (b) (i) any one from: (live) animals accept named examples, eg mice ignore people / volunteers cells tissues do not allow plants Page 25 of 33
to check that the drug works (iii) to find the best dose to use only scientists at the drug company (c) (i) 420 (iii) statin(s) any one from: side effects allow cost other medication allow patient choice other (medical) conditions allow family history or age [] M5. (a) (i) mark for each line do not award a mark for a change that has two lines 3 receptor cells (b) used to provide (extra) energy allow (more) used in respiration allow suitable reference to muscles do not accept used for sweat (c) (i) growth of muscles Page 26 of 33
(these drugs have) possible side / harmful effects or answers that refer to fairness of competition e.g. cheating [7] M6. (a) mental (illness) accept specific mental illnesses such as depression, paranoia schizophrenia or dementia allow brain damage do not accept cancer (b) (i) evidence on graph of attempt to continue line from 200 to 204 range at 204 from 3 to 6 inclusive 5 accept any value between 3 and 6 consistent with attempt at straight line if there is no line accept only 5 no because only award this mark if there is an attempt at an explanation changing to Class C did not affect trend OR trend / use already falling before the change OR use higher when class B [5] M7. (a) any two from: birth mass / growth reduced smoke contains carbon monoxide ignore references to poison blood carries less oxygen / fetus receives less oxygen do not accept harder for fetus to breathe 2 Page 27 of 33
(b) (i) it may cause mental illness it may be a gateway drug to more harmful substances three answers max three answers max 0 it is less addictive than amphetamines, tobacco or alcohol it is not associated with major sociological problems three answers max four answers max 0 [6] M8. (a) testing for toxicity / see if it is safe /see if it is dangerous / to see if it works ignore side effects unqualified (b) (i) testing for side effects / testing for reactions (to drug) ignore to see if it works do not accept dosage any one from ignore immune system dose too low to help patient higher risk for patient might conflict with patient s treatment / patient on other drug effect might be masked by patient s symptoms / side effects clearer (c) to find optimum dose allow testing on larger sample or it makes results more reliable allow to find out if drug is effective /find out if drug works on ill people (not just if drug works) (d) (i) (tablet / drug / injection) that does not contain drug allow control / fake / false allow tablet / injection that does not affect body do not accept drug that does not affect body Page 28 of 33
neither patients nor doctors [6] M9. (a) (i) using drugs for pleasure / to make you feel good / to reduce stress allow not for medical use any two from: drug contains addictive chemical / names drugs alter body chemistry cause withdrawal symptoms owtte ignore craving uses drug frequently or uses a lot of the drug or needs more drugs 2 (b) (i) (no) only leads to cocaine use or only leads to class A allow (yes) leads to cocaine ignore reference to uptake of class B drugs (using) class B drugs / named class B (each / named type B drug) can lead to use of 2 class A drugs / 2 named class A drugs or most +s for class A drugs opposite class B drugs mark the two answers independently [6] M0. (a) (i) tobacco / nicotine / alcohol accept solvent / glue / caffeine ignore cigarettes / coffee Page 29 of 33
cannabis / heroin / cocaine allow eg crack / weed / ecstasy / LSD / amphetamine / speed / steroids / GHB (b) (i) heroin / cocaine / tobacco / nicotine ignore alcohol / cigarettes / cannabis / caffeine / coffee alters body chemistry ignore withdrawal symptoms / craving ignore non-chemical effects on nervous system (c) any two from: increase in cannabis smoking increases (%) depression greater effect in women allow women become more depressed depression linked with / not directly caused by cannabis ignore cannabis causes depression not all cannabis smokers get depression 2 [6] M. (a) any two from: arthritis allow damaged joints diabetes accept high blood sugar high blood pressure strokes allow blocked blood vessels / thrombosis allow breathing difficulties ignore cancer ignore high cholesterol 2 Page 30 of 33
(b) (i) any two from: to gain marks there must be a comparison ignore comparison at single age lower number of women deaths up to age of 75-80 higher number of women deaths after 80 ignore women die older or men die younger men s peak higher men s peak at an earlier age men s death start earlier than women more men than women die of heart disease 2 any two from: men smoke more (cigarettes) ignore alcohol more men smoke men under more stress men less active more men overweight / eat more / less diet conscious or different fat distribution ignore reference to body size genetic factors men might have lower metabolic rate ignore references to hormones men less likely to visit doctor even though they have symptoms 2 (c) points can be in any order laboratory tests / tests on tissues or tests on animals or tests for toxicity ignore computer simulations tests for side effects on volunteers / healthy people / small numbers Page 3 of 33
widespread testing or testing for optimum dose or test on patients / sick people or test to see if it is effective accept use of placebo [9] M2. (a) because there is insufficient data for line graph (b) (c) (d) injection with no testosterone performance of testosterone group improved more than that of placebo group quantitative figure given eg about 4 times greater (no) there was a significant improvement after 6 weeks allow significant improvement after 3 weeks [5] Page 32 of 33
Page 33 of 33