FACT SHEET AFGHANISTAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)

FACT SHEET AFGHANISTAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) Borders: China: 76 km, Tajikistan: 1,206 km, Uzbekistan: 137 km, Turkmenistan: 744 km, I.R. of Iran: 936 km, Pakistan: 2,430 km (Durand line) Source: Annual Report 2013-2014, Ministry of Interior Affairs of Afghanistan Area and administrative divisions Provinces Districts Density (sq.km) Area (sq.km) 34 368 41 652,864 Source: Central Statistics Organization (CSO) of Afghanistan 1 Settled population by age and sex group March 2012- March 2013 March 2014- March 2015 March 2015 March 2016 March 2016- March 2017 Total estimated population, including 25,500,100 26,556,754 27,101,365 27,657,145 refugees Male 13,044,400 13,585,933 13,865,015 14,149,838 Female 12,455,700 12,970,821 13,236,350 13,507,307 Kuchi, male and female 1,500,000 1,500,000 2 n/a n/a Refugees 2,552,208 (June 2013) n/a n/a n/a Source: Central Statistics Organization (CSO) of Afghanistan, Population Statistics; UNHCR (refugees) http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486eb6.html UN estimates of annual total population (thousands) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total 30,683 31,628 32,527 33,370 34,169 15-64 aged 15,930 16,666 17,398 18,075 18,727 Source: UN World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision 1 Afghanistan Statistical Yearbook 2014-2015, Central Statistical Office, Kabul, 2015 2 Statistical indicators of Afghanistan 2014-2015, Central Statistical Office, Kabul, 2015 Updated August 2017 1

POPPY CULTIVATION, ERADICATION AND PRODUCTION Opium poppy cultivation (after eradication) and potential production of opium, 2001-2016 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015, UNODC and MCN Annual Opium Survey reports, 2001-2016 Eradication and casualties 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Verified eradication 15.30 19.05 5.48 5.35 2.32 3.81 9.67 7.35 2.69 3.76 0.355 (thousand ha) Percentage of area 9 10 3 4 2 3 6 3.5 1.2 2.1 0.2 eradicated Personnel fatalities n/a 15 78 21 28 45 102 143 13* 5** 8 Personnel injuries n/a 31 100 52 36 20 127 93 26* 18** 7 Source: : Ministry of Interior/Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan, UNODC and MCN Annual Opium Survey reports, 2006-2016 Note: * 13 lives were lost and 26 persons were injured at the results of security incidences in 2014. ** 5 lives were lost and 18 persons were injured at the results of security incidences in 2015. Global potential production of oven-dry opium in Afghanistan and other countries, 1991-2016 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2017, MCN Annual Opium Survey reports Updated August 2017 2

DRUG SEIZURES Seizures of illicit drugs and precursors and destroyed labs 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Opioids: Heroin (kg) 7,262.48 7,156.67 3,753.73 5,307.90 4,588.0 Opium (kg) 123,939.70 115,690.40 66,196.74 30,307.09 49,665.0 Illicit morphine (kg) 43,518.91 23,979.96 6,368.65 18.31 47,048.0 Cannabis-type: Marijuana (herb, kg) 42,201.2 n/a 25,115.0 8,924.0 1,216.0 Hashish (resin, kg) 160,530.10 31,925.95 43,485.15 163,059.32 352,116.86 Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS): ATS (kg) 0.03 10.89 8.93 28.58 56.77 Non-specified drug group: Poppy/cannabis seeds (kg) 103,780.3 13,696.52 29,359.70 8,924.00 3 305.0 Precursors: Non-specified precursors (kg) 118,185.01 45,805.66 40,137.69 1,431.69 704,000.0 Non-specified precursors (lt) 40,853.44 65,186.50 32,660.12 4,869.73 4 34,970.0 Number of heroin laboratories destroyed 74 71 41 2 102 Source: Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan, UNODC World Drug Report 2017 Seizures of heroin, opium and illicit morphine in Afghanistan, 2002-2016 (tons) Drug and precursor seizures from Afghanistan s borders (kg), 2013 Border to Morphine Heroin Opium Hashish Precursors kg lt Amphetamine I.R. of Iran 148.1 1,739.4 21,169.3 643.9 1,274.8 2,699.6 15.1 Central Asia 0.3 441.5 7,160.4 791.3 2,515.8 250 0.147 Pakistan 8,203 1,955.9 37,780 19,890 22,534.9 7,228 0.371 Source: Ministry of Interior/Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan (latest available data) 3 Cannabis seeds 4 Acids Updated August 2017 3

Seizures of hashish (resin) in Afghanistan, 2002-2016 (tons) Counter narcotics operations 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total operations (cases) 3,005 3,234 2,571 2,564 2,521 Controlled Delivery operations led by CNPA - 1 (India) 4 (Tajikistan, RF) 5 (Tajikistan) 5 1 (Iran) Source: Ministry of Interior of Afghanistan, Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan (Tactical Operation Centre-TOC) Controlled Delivery (CD) operations with foreign countries, Counter Narcotics Police Afghanistan, Oct 2008-Mar 2015 China India Tajikistan Russian Federation (RF) Number of CD operations 1 1 6 1 Total seized drugs (kg) 2.6 10.0 222.8 3.0 Heroin (kg) 2.6 10.0 1.0 3.0 Opium (kg) - - 51.9 - Hashish (kg) - - 169.9 - Source: Ministry of Interior of Afghanistan, Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan 5 Tajikistan Drug Control Agency report on activities in 2015 Updated August 2017 4

Map of heroin seizures in Afghanistan, 2012-2016 Map of opium seizures in Afghanistan, 2012-2016 Updated August 2017 5

Map of ATS seizures in Afghanistan, 2012-2016 Source (for all maps): DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2013 2014 2015 Aug 2016 6 Aug 2017 7 Heroin (unknown purity) 2,123 2,816 2,229 2,383 (medium) 2,270 (medium) Heroin (high purity) 3,243 2,816 3,294 3,333 3,325 Opium 164 146 150 n/a n/a Marijuana (herb) 211 n/a 107 n/a n/a Hashish (resin) 103 n/a n/a n/a n/a Source: UNODC/MCN Surveys, UNODC World Drug Reports, UNODC Annual Report Questionnaires, CNPA Note: Comparisons of drug wholesale prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes. 6 Afghanistan Drug Price Monitoring Monthly Report, February 2016, MCN/UNODC, Kabul. High and medium quality heroin prices are the averages of all observations. Opium prices reflect the trader prices of dry opium. 7 Ibid Updated August 2017 6

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) 2012 2013 2014 2015 Feb 2016 8 Heroin 6.4 5.3 5.2 4.9 5.5 Marijuana (herb) 0.5 0.4 n/a 1.0 0.3 Hashish (resin) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Source: UNODC/MCN Surveys, UNODC World Drug Reports Note: Comparisons of drug wholesale prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes. DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug-related arrest statistics (investigation, prosecution and conviction by the Criminal Justice Task Force), March 2011-March 2016 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 Criminal cases initiated 9 635 419 711 529 463 Total crimes investigated and prosecuted 817 669 906 742 133 Including against persons by gender: Male 811 667 890 724 549 Female 6 2 16 18 28 Including against: Afghan nationals 774 637 877 595 572 Public officials 31 20 20 143 28 Foreigners 12 12 9 4 5 Approx. amount of drugs along with the cases: Heroin (tons) 7 4.11 5 3 > 6.8 Illicit morphine (tons) 37 36.43 4.5 6 > 26.3 Opium (tons) 60.5 71.63 75 62 > 5.5 Hashish (resin, tons) 80.5 120.52 28.5 31.5 > 331.8 Solid precursors (tons) 87.5 43.9 45 24 93.1 Liquid precursors (lt) 55.5 29,330 21,417 707,103 > 33.1 Alcohol (lt) 59,000 42,780 26,439 29,208 113.2 Source: Criminal Justice Task Force of Ministry of Interior Affairs (www.cjtf.gov.af) DRUG INDUSTRY AND TRAFFICKING NETWORKS (2011-2012) Afghanistan dominates the global opiate production. The opiate industry involves various processes: obtaining precursors, extracting opium, processing it into heroin/morphine and trafficking onward activities that require an equally extensive network of traffickers. A recent UNODC/MCN joint research found that such networks existed in each province visited. The number of trafficking networks and the links they have with other networks varies between provinces. The two maps examine the major and minor trafficking networks in each province. 8 The same source and comment. 9 The CJTF Investigation and Laboratory Department Serious receive narcotics and intoxicating drinks cases sent by the Counter Narcotics Police and other law enforcement agency of Afghanistan Updated August 2017 7

Estimated minor drug trafficking networks in Afghanistan Source: MCN/UNODC joint research study on opiate flow-2012 Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Estimated major drug trafficking networks in Afghanistan Source: MCN/UNODC joint research study on opiate flow-2012 Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. HAWALA SYSTEM Hawala is an ancient money-transfer system that traces its origins to South Asia. Relying heavily on trust and connections such as family relationships, the hawala system has come to be used all over Afghanistan. As is the case with any other remittance system, hawala can be - and is - used to launder money and support anti-government activities. Updated August 2017 8

Joint MCN/UNODC researchers interviewed several key informants (mainly hawaladars) across 18 provinces of Afghanistan. While most Afghans are new to the modern banking system, it is perhaps unsurprising to note that hawala has a significant presence in the country (Refer to the Maps). The informal nature of hawala, a lack of strict law enforcement to prevent misuse of the system and the close-knit nature of Afghan society mean that the Taliban and other AGE can use hawala to bypass legal regulations. Estimated unregistered hawaladars in Afghanistan Source: MCN/UNODC joint research study on opiate flow-2012 Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG ABUSE Number of drug users and annual prevalence 2005 2009 Number % 10 Number % 11 Drug users 920,000 3.8 800,000 12 3.3 Adult male 740,000 12.1 n/a n/a Adult female 120,000 2.1 111,000 13 n/a Children 60,000 0.7 n/a 14 n/a IDUs n/a n/a 20,000 2.8 15 Including users by drug type: Opium 150,000 0.6 230,000 1.9 Heroin 50,000 0.2 120,000 1.0 10 Population sample: Both recreational and regular/problem drug use including alcohol use. 11 Population sample: Regular drug users were defined as those who had used opium, heroin, opioids and tranquilizers regularly in the past 12 months and past 30 days 12 Between 660,000 and 940,000 drug users 13 Afghanistan Drug Report 2012, Ministry of Counter Narcotics of the I.R. of Afghanistan, Kabul, November 2013, p.81 14 50% of opium using parents give it to their children (250,000 opium users) 15 As per cent of problem drug users Updated August 2017 9

Number of drug users and annual prevalence 2005 2009 Number % 10 Number % 11 Hashish 520,000 2.2 520,000 16 8.3 Pharmaceutical 180,000 0.8 n/a n/a Alcohol 160,000 0.7 n/a n/a Others 200,000 0.9 n/a n/a Source: Drug Use in Afghanistan: 2005 and 2009 surveys, UNGASS Country Report 2012, MCN Afghanistan Drug Report 2012 Note: There is no regular data collection system and lack of information and monitoring system from drug treatment centres. Afghanistan National Drug Use Survey 2015: Main drugs identified among the people tested positive for drugs Opioids Cannabis Benzodiazepines ATS Barbiturates Source: Afghanistan National Drug Use Survey 2015 (ANDUS) Afghanistan National Drug Use Survey 2015: National estimate on drug positives among population Population Men Women Children(aged 0-14) Lower-upper est. Lower-upper est. Lower-upper est. Lower-upper est. Any drugs 2,920,000-3,570,000 1,230,000-1,500,000 690,000-850,000 1,000,000-1,220,000 Opioids 1,940,000-2,370,000 790,000-960,000 490,000-600,000 660,000-810,000 Cannabis 910,000-1,100,000 470,000-570,000 110,000-140,000 320,000-390,000 Benzodiazepines 230,000-270,000 120,000-130,000 100,000-130,000 10,000-10,000 Barbiturates 50,000-70,000 20,000-30,000 <10,000-<10,000 30,000-40,000 Alcohol 30,000-40,000 <10,000-10,000 30,000-30,000 <10,000-<10,000 ATS 80,000-100,000 60,000-80,000 <10,000-<10,000 10,000-10,000 Other drug classes <10,000-<10,000 <10,000-<10,000 <10,000-<10,000 <10,000-<10,000 Source: Afghanistan National Drug Use Survey 2015 17 16 Afghanistan Drug Report 2012, Ministry of Counter Narcotics of the I.R. of Afghanistan, Kabul, November 2013, p.81 17 http://photos.state.gov/libraries/afghanistan/941877/reports/afghanistan%20drug%20use%20survey.pdf Updated August 2017 10

Afghanistan National Drug Use Survey 2015: Drug use rates 18 in urban and rural areas Population Adults Children (aged 0-14) National 7.3 12.6 0.8 Urban 4.4 7.5 0.2 Rural 8.2 14.5 1.0 Source: Afghanistan National Drug Use Survey 2015 (ANDUS), Afghanistan Drug Report 2015 Annual prevalence of drug use 19 as percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamines 0.00 n/a 2009 Cannabis 4.28 3.37-5.18 2009 Cocaine 0.00 n/a 2009 Opiates 2.65 2.34-2.96 2009 Prescription opioids 0.55 0.46-0.63 2009 Tranquilizers and sedatives 0.80 n/a 2003 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2017 (latest available data) Drug-related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2009 Number of deaths 16 Reference population 1,857,939 Rate per million aged 15-64 8.6 Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 Fatal drug overdoses (%) 100 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (latest available data) Drug treatment services in Afghanistan Total including Total 2012 Government NGOs 20 2015 Services: In-patient (treatment centres ) 76 21 55 72 Out-patient 32 0 32 46 Outreach 73 0 73 75 Harm reduction 4 0 4 26 Village based 5 0 5 0 Community based 25 15 10 31 Aftercare 66 0 66 67 Shelter n/a n/a n/a 6 Treatment services by target groups: Adults 101 31 80 131 21 Adolescent 20 0 20 26 22 Children 32 9 23 21 Capacity of services: Clinical staff (persons) 896 287 609 917 18 Drug-Use Rates: The percent of the population that tested positive for the presence of drugs in hair, urine, and/or saliva because of active or intentional drug use. Drug use does not mean drug abuse; drug abuse requires clinical evaluation and determination. Source: Afghanistan Drug Report 2015, p.59 19 Annual prevalence refers to the total number of people of a given age range who have used a given drug at least once in the past year divided by the number of people of a given age. 20 Donors: INL (U.S. Department of State), Caritas (Germany), Norwegian Church Aid, Japan Government, World Bank, and UNODC 21 Including 94 male and 37 female 22 Including 14 male and 12 female Updated August 2017 11

Drug treatment services in Afghanistan Total including Total 2012 Government NGOs 20 2015 In-patient services: Number of beds 2,000 730 1,270 2,740 Annual capacity 13,130 5,840 7,290 19,000 Out-patient services: Annual capacity 8,560 3,340 5,220 9,250 Home based services: Number of patients 460 0 460 460 Annual capacity 3,920 0 3,920 3,920 Total annual treatment capacity 25,480 8,960 16,520 32,170 Source: Ministry of Public Health (2012), Ministry of Counter Narcotics (2015) Primary drug of abuse among persons treated for drug problem, 2015 36.5% Heroin 18,609 persons 56.2% 7.2% Opium Cannabis Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2017 HIV/AIDS People living with HIV and HIV prevalence 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 New HIV cases 23 345 117 162 165 180 Total HIV cases 24 1,250 1,365 1,529 1,694 1,874 HIV Prevalence: IDUs (%) n/a n/a 4.4 (IBBS 2012) n/a n/a Sex workers (%) n/a n/a 0.3 (IBBS 2012) n/a n/a MSM (%) n/a n/a 0.4 (IBBS 2012) n/a n/a Inmates (%) n/a n/a 0.7 (IBBS 2012) n/a n/a Source: Ministry of Public Health, Integrated Biological Behavioral Survey (IBBS) 2012, Afghanistan Country Progress Report 2015 Note: The number of HIV cases reported was obtained from different sources of information, not all of which follow the standard testing algorithm. In addition, there may be a risk of double counting. A new reporting system is established in 2010. 23 Data source for2011-2014: Afghanistan Drug Report 2015, MCN, Kabul, 2016, p.64 24 Data source for2011-2014: Afghanistan Drug Report 2015, MCN, Kabul, 2016, p.64 Updated August 2017 12

People living with HIV in Afghanistan, 1980-2012 (Spectrum produced graph, estimation 2012) Source: UNGASS Country Progress Report 2014: Afghanistan, National AIDS Control Program, 31 March 2014 UNAIDS estimates of HIV and AIDS (with uncertainty bounds) 2011 2012 2013 25 2014 2015 Number of people living with HIV 4,000 4,300 4,500 6,700 6,900 Adults aged 15-49 prevalence rate (%) < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 Deaths due to AIDS < 500 < 500 < 500 < 500 < 500 Adults 15 and above living with HIV 3,700 4,000 4,200 6,300 6,700 Source: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2013, UNAIDS Country Profile (http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/afghanistan) DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 19 Feb 2015 Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 21 May 1985 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 14 Feb 1992 of 1988 (Ratification) Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 24 Sep 2003 (Ratification) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 15 Aug 2014 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Accession) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 2 Feb 2017 (Accession) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 25 Aug 2008 (Ratification) 25 UNAIDS Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS: Afghanistan, http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/epidocuments/afg.pdf, Nov 2015 Updated August 2017 13