* Intrductin t Human Structure and Functin ULO1 = Structure ULO2 = Functin ULO3 = Applicatin f Knwledge TEXTBOOK: Dwnlad - Anatmical Landmarks - Directinal References - Sectinal Planes Structure = Anatmy Functin = Physilgy Human Structure and Functin LECTURE 1 Atms Water Mlecule Cellular Level Tissue Organs (I.e. Bladder) Organ System Level (I.e. Renal System) Organism Level (I.e. Human [Whle]) 11 Organ Systems 1. Integumentary System - Skin - Hair - Sweat Glands - Nails 2. Skeletal System - Bnes - Cartilage - Ligaments - Bne Marrw
3. Muscular System - Tendns - Skeletal Muscles 4. Nervus System - Brain - Spinal Crd - Sense Organs - Peripheral Nerves 5. Endcrine System - Pituitary Gland - Thyrid Gland - Pancreas - Adrenal Gland - Gnads (Testes and Ovaries) - Endcrine tissues in ther systems 6. Cardivascular System - Heart - Bld - Bld Vessels 7. Lymphatic System - Spleen - Thymus - Lymphatic Vessels - Lymphatic Ndes - Tnsils 8. Respiratry System - Nasal Cavity - Sinuses - Larynx - Trachea - Brnchi - Lungs - Alveli 9. Digestive System - Teeth - Tngue - Salivary Glands - Pharynx - Oesphagus - Stmach - Small/ Large Intestines - Liver - Gallbladder - Pancreas
10. Urinary System - Kidneys - Ureters - Urinary Bladder - Urethra 11. Reprductive - Gnads (Testes and Ovary) - Reprductive Tracts - Mammary Glands (In Breasts) * Chemical Level f Bdy Organisatin Human Structure and Functin: LECTURE 2 Organic = Cntains carbn, hydrgen (I.e. Methane) Inrganic = Des nt cntain carbn r hydrgen (I.e. H2O) * If it has 1 f either carbn r hydrgen = Inrganic WATER - Slubility: Mlecules disslve t becme slutin - Reactivity: Medium fr chemical reactins - High heat capacity (Absrb a lt f heat befre turning int gas: Steam) - Lubricatin Hydrphilic = Likes water Hydrphbic = Hates water ACID/ BASE/ SALTS * Acids: Releases H+ int slutin (Aqueus) E.g. Hydrchlric Acid (HCI) H+ + CI- * Base: Remves H+ frm slutin E.g. Sdium Hydrxide (NaOH) NA+ + OH- * Salt: Made frm cmpund ins ther than H+ and OH- E.g. Sdium Chlride ION: Psitive r negative charge nt acid r base ph = Measure f H+ cncentratin * Neutral: ph = 7 (H+=OH-[Same]) * Acid: ph = <7 (H+[Mre]>OH-[Less]) * Base: ph = >7 (H+[Less]<OH-[Mre]) [H+]= 1x10-7(Pwer f -7)ml/L
Buffers = - Balance ph f slutin Hw? Adding r remving H+ * Resisting change f a ph i.e. H2CO3H+ + HO3- Majr Organic: - Carbhydrate - Lipids - Prteins - Nucleic Acids - High Energy Cmpunds Have bth carbn and hydrgen Carbhydrate (CHO) 1:2:1 1 Carbn: 2 Hydrgen: 1 Oxygen Mn(1)saccharide i.e. Glucse (C6H12O6) 1:2:1 Di(2)saccharide i.e. Sucrse (Table sugar) Ply(3)saccharide i.e. Starch, glycgen Stred: Waits in cells t be used as energy Lipids Fats (CH) 1:2 1 Carbn: 2 Hydrgen - Fats, ils, waxes Imprtant structure in cell walls 2x as much energy as CHOs * Make up hrmnes: Sterids, eicsanids * Energy: Fatty acids Prteins (CHON) Wrkers f cells * Supprt: Mvement, transprt, buffering, metablic regulatin, crdinatin and cntrl, defence * Defence: Internal Antibdies: Prteins External Skin, nails, hair: Prtein
All Prteins = Amin acids in chains * Organisatin f the Cell Human Structure and Functin: LECTURE 3 CELLS (Sma= Means bdy) - Building blcks f plants and animals - Different shapes and functins (I.e. cmplete different structure frm RBC t brain cell = Different rles) - Individually and in a grup - Cell membrane keeps everything tgether Sex Cells: Germ cells (Sperm and Egg) Smatic Cells: All ther cells CELL MEMBRANE - Cell wall: Cntains furniture and cntains drs and windws (Made f prtein) t allw things in/ut - Plasma membrane= Made up f lipids - Regulates exchange within envirnment - Cell membrane can detect temp, ph and hrmnes etc. - Structure and supprt: Cntains everything CYTOPLASM (Cyt= Cell) - Cytplasm (Inner): Sup f the cell - Organelles: Structures within the cell (I.e. Glgi Bdy) - Cytplasm (External): Different ins, high cncentratin f prtein, amin acids and energy stres. ORGANELLES Organelle: Cytskeletn Cytplasm What is des: The cytskeletn is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal rganizatin Cytplasm is a thick slutin that fills each cell and is enclsed by the cell membrane
Mitchchndria Lyssmes Ribsmes Glgi Apparatus Endplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Nuclelus Chrmsmes Creates pwer fr the cell. Organelle in the cytplasm f eukarytic cells cntaining degradative enzymes enclsed in a membrane. Ribsmes are the prtein builders r the prtein synthesizers f the cell. It is anther packaging rganelle like the endplasmic reticulum (ER) netwrk f membranus tubules within the cytplasm f a eukarytic cell, cntinuus with the nuclear membrane Cmmander f the cell. The nuclelus is the nuclear sub dmain that assembles ribsmal subunits in eukarytic cells. Cntains specific DNA f an individual and is the specific instructins fr each unique living creature. Cytskeletn (Prteins) * 1. Micrfilaments (Smallest) - Made f Prtein: Actin - Actin interacts with Mysin t chance cell shape - Represent f Micrvilli (Prteins) = Finger like prjectins f membrane (Increases surface area) - Micrvilli allws yu t absrb mre nutrients thrugh fd - Actin cytskeletn lines the Micrvilli t add structure * 2. Intermediate Filaments (Middle) - Maintain cell shape - Stabilise rganelle and cell psitin - Cells/ cell rganelles must be tied tgether with prteins that expand the cell membrane: Dne by intermediate filaments * 3. Micrtubules (Largest) - Made f Prtein: Tubulin - Little tubes - Micrtubules are in all cells - Strngest cytskeletn - Help with cells shape and transprt - Cilia (Particularly Nasal)are like Micrvilli but are much lnger (Finger like prjectins): Cilia helps keep the airway clean Nucleus - Biggest rganelle in the cell: Warehuse that hlds DNA - Nuclear Envelpe: Surrunded by an envelpe but has pres t allw fr cmmunicatin - Nucleplasm: Structural supprt -Nucleli: Make rrnamade ribsmes - DNA: Extremely lng
Ribsme s - Site f prtein synthesis - DNA RNA Ribsme s Amin Acids (Prteins) - Small/ large ribsmal subunits Endplasmic Reticulum(Netwrk) - Prteins are fed int ER and flded and had additinal things added - Synthesising prteins, carbhydrates and lipids - Tubular netwrk (+ Transprt): Gd fr string Cytslic mlecules - Detxificatin: ER breaks dwn txins SER: - Smth ER - N ribsmes - Synthesis f lipids, chlesterl etc RER: - Rugh ER - Has ribsmes - Packages and mdifies new prteins Glgi Apparatus - Packages (In vesicles) things and sends them where they re needed - Mdifies and packages, maintains cell membrane, packages enzymes fr use in cytsl - Packaging vesicles: Secretry, membrane renewal, lyssmes (Lys: Split, Smes: Little) Lysmmes * Cell Membranes and Transprt Human Structure and Functin: LECTURE 4 Cell Membrane: - Regulates envirnments exchange (Internal and External) - Structure - Sensitivity (Sense and Respnd) * Cmpsed f; = Lipids, Carbhydrates and Prtein - Water Sluble Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Saturated Fatty Acid * Research: Micelle Fat based mlecules pass (Diffuse) freely acrss the membrane: N need fr channel Carbhydrates: - Lubricatin and prtectin - Recgnitin - Specificity (Receptrs) and binding - Anchring and lcmtin Prteins: Integral: - In membrane (Thrughut): Prtein Channel * Drs and windws Peripheral: - Inner OR uter membrane *Wall reinfrming s - 1 channel recgnises 1 accepting mlecule (i.e. ONLY calcium etc. ) Anchr Prteins: - Stabilise cell (E.g. Attach t cytskeletn) Recgnitin Prteins: - Immune respnse (E.g. Glycprtein s) Enzymes: - Peripheral and integral Receptr Prteins: - Chemical specific (E.g. Insulin ONLY etc.) Carrier Prteins: - Transprt (E.g. Sdium Transprt etc.) Channels: - Gaps/ pres - Mvement water and ins - Mlecule specific TRANSPORT: - Permeability (Impermeable; N passage)
* Selectivity depending n cell (Sme materials and nt thers) ACTIVE: - Requires Energy (ATP) Adensine Tri Phsphate PASSIVE: - N Energy required MECHANISMS: - Diffusin (Passive) - Carrier Mediated (Passive) - Osmsis (Passive) - Vesicular Transprt (Active) Diffusin * Slute (Slvent i.e. Water [Main ne]) - Disslved in slutin (E.g. Ins, gases) * Slutin - Fluid with disslved wit materials (E.g. Bld) * Cncentratin gradient dependent - High Lw Affects Diffusin: Distance, mlecule size, temp, gradient size, electrical frces Osmsis (Mvement f Water) - Osmlaity: Cncentratin f slutes Human Structure and Functin: LECTURE 5 * Cellular Metablism Metablism: Chemical reactins that ccur in the bdy * Catablic: Break dwn = Energy released * Anablic: Build up/ synthesis f rganic mlecules = Requires energy 1. Eat fd (energy cntaining nutrients) 2. Catablism (Exergnic; energy prductin) ATP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2 (Chemical Energy) End Prducts: CO2, H2O, NH3 3. Anablism (Endergnic; energy use) ADP + Pi, NAD+, NADP+, FAD Cell Macrmlecules Prduced: Plysaccharide, lipids, prtein, nucleic acids Catablism: - Breakdwn f rganic cmpunds - Releases energy t synthesis ATP * Mitchndria:
- Prduces ATP fr cell prcesses - Prduces heat energy Anablism: - Synthesis f new rganic mlecules - Requires energy - Maintenance and repair, grwth, secretins - Nutrient Pl: Reserves (I.e. Eat away at muscles t supply mitchndria if nt eating) Surces f Energy t Prduce ATP: - Eat fd Prduce prteins, carbhydrates, triglycerides Amin acids, glucse, glycerl and fatty acids ADP ATP Cellular Respiratin: *GET BIO NOTES* - Glyclysis - Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) - Electrn Transprt Anaerbic: Withut xygen Aerbic: With xygen Enzymes (Prteins): - Catalyst - Specific shape (Receptr) - Influences by envirnment (I.e. Temperature, ph etc.) * Tissue Level f Bdy Organisatin Human Structure and Functin: LECTURE 6 - A tissue is a specialised grup f cells which crdinate tgether t perfrm the specific functins f that tissue. * Types: - Epithelial Tissue (Integumental System) - Cnnective Tissue - Muscle Tissue - Neural Tissue Epithelial Tissue: - Cllectin f epithelial cells and glands * Functins: - Cellular, plarity, attachment (Basal Lamina: Bttm f cell), avascular (N Bld Vessels), regeneratin (Repair itself) - Physical prtectin, cntrl permeability, sensry stimuli, secretins
Shape: - Squamus (Squashed/ Flat) - Cubidal (Cube) - Clumnar (Clumn: Lnger than it is wide) Number f Cell Layers: (Figure 4.6) - Simple (One cell layer: Singular) i.e. OOOOO - Stratified (Multiple layers: Duble r +) i.e. OOOOO OOOOO Squamus * Simple: - Delicate and smth - Regin f absrptin/ diffusin - E.g. Lungs, bld vessels * Stratified: - Layers - Regin f mechanic stress - E.g. Muth (Nn-Keratinized), Skin (Keratinized) Cubidal * Simple: - Minimal prtectin - E.g. Kidney Tubules * Stratified - Rare - E.g. Lining ducts n mammary glands * Transitinal: - Can stretch and recil t suit any need - E.g. Lining f the bladder wall Clumnar * Simple: - Secretin and absrptin - E.g. Stmach * Pseudstratified: - Several cell types - Single layer E.g. Respiratry tract, male reprductive system * Stratified: - Rate - Prtectin - E.g. Anus, urethra