A2 Revision - 1 Based on previous questions, and potential answers to those questions
Revision topics chosen by your teachers 1. Application of Forces 2. Commercialisation 3. Olympic Ideals 4. Krebs cycle 5. Aggression 6. Support from organisations for elite athletes 7. Projectile motion 8. PNF stretching
Application of forces - Typical question Jan 08 Qu 3 Maximising effort during performance is largely concerned with the correct application of forces. What forces act on a player when they are running during a game? (3 marks) June 2010 Using Newton s First and Second Laws of Motion, explain how a swimmer dives off the starting blocks. (4 marks)
Forces Forces cause ; A force is a A force is that which alters or to alter a body s or of in a line. If a body changes or, a has been applied 4
Forces affecting motion 5
Forces acting on a sprinter 6
Newton s Laws 1st Law: A body will remain in its / until affected by a A body has a to change its 7
Applying Newton s 1 st Law Sprinter remains in blocks until a change his on causes him to Ball keeps moving until a causes it to change its 8
2nd Law - Momentum All objects in motion have mass and Product = Momentum = 9
Newton s 2 nd Law The rate of change of is to the force causing the change, and the change takes place in the in which the force was applied In sport, remains constant and therefore momentum equates to 10
Applying Newton s 2 nd Law The (size) and of force applied by the sprinter to the blocks determines the and of received because mass remains constant Acceleration is to applied 11
Newton s 3 rd Law To every force there is an reaction force and 12
Applying Newton s 3 rd Law The sprinter applies a to the ground. This results in a causes movement force that The sprinter cannot move the Reaction force from ground = 13
Commercialisation - Typical question Many elite sports are now commercialised and seen as a form of entertainment. Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the commercialisation of sport has been beneficial for performers and the sport. (7 marks)
Commercialisation Idea of sporting events being used to make money Sport gains income from: / / / Income used to pay players Commercialism increases in last
Commercialisation Sport seen as a Where the becomes the driving force in sport The sale of - the major source of sports funding Broadcasting rights for Premier League now worth
Media and sport Sport to report/show More readers/viewers more, more, more Need to make information provided interesting
Role of sport to media to suit demands of media Share of entertainment market Increased interest from TV rights and income
Television and advertising TV cameras Pre-game /during game advertising Advertising Sponsors name /logo Sponsor:
Sport Has Changed For TV One day and 20:20 Penalty Timings starts/kick-off to suit TV Use of 3 rd umpire in Camera in tennis/cricket /TMO in
TV changes sport TV has what we can watch and when and how we watch Also brings sports we might never normally watch -, Become converted to Reduces
Changing the characteristics of sport Changing the format of play Changing the competition structure Changing the rules to simplify them Changing the rules to make game flow
Professional performer - a commercial object? Signs contract Can be Brings in money through Exploit image for company goals Financial rewards
Olympic ideals Not Striving to win - Taking part more important than for the love of sport
Olympism Competing with spirit of Symbols: Olympic Olympic Virtually gone due to needed to compete IOC accept professional performers
Kreb s cycle - Typical question At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the silver medal in the swimming 10 kilometre marathon event, in a time of 1 hour 51 minutes and 53.1 seconds. Explain how the majority of energy used during the race would be provided. (7 marks)
Kreb s cycle Carbohydrates - - broken down in series of reactions to Called Some energy released for Fats (fatty acids) prepared through ready for in 27
Kreb s cycle Pyruvate converted into Enters Hydrogen removed leaving Some Hydrogen to Oxidised to Releases large amounts of energy for 28
Aggression - Typical question Trait theories may be used to explain several psychological constructs. (a)sport may increase or decrease the likelihood of aggressive behaviour occurring among competitors. How may trait theory be used to explain aggression in sport? (2 marks) (b)use the frustration-aggression hypothesis to explain why this may happen. (2 marks) (c)explain why incidents of aggression occur only occasionally in team games. (2 marks)
Aggression Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment Aggression is: 30
Forms of Aggression Instrumental aggression used to increase chances of Hostile - aggression with injury as Constructive use of force in sport = Channelled aggression diverting aggressive feelings into 31
Instinct theory Aggression Builds up needs to be Displaced into sport rather than Release = Theory suggests most aggression is, but some is as a means of control 32
Frustration-aggression hypothesis Frustration leads to Aggression comes from In sport, prevents attainment of - leads to frustration, especially if Aggression released not always But, not all leads to but 33
Aggressive-cue theory Not all frustration leads to aggression Only occurs if certain present Such as: Coach aggression of behaviours Certain or Previous Depends on 34
Social learning theory to be aggressive of others leads to prevents 35
Strategies to reduce aggression Strategies both for player and coach 36
Elite Athlete Support - Typical question To maximise the chances of winning medals at major championships, such as the Olympic Games, performers need the support of many organisations. Outline and explain the structure of the World Class Performance Pathway. (3 marks) Explain the support structures for elite performers provided by the National institutes of excellence, such as the English Institute of Sport. (4 marks)
Role of National Governing Bodies Develop structure Manage development strategies,, etc Develop structure Manage Enforce of sport
Whole Sports Plans WSP plan for all grass roots to elite WSP directs Sport England funding Identifies Links with partners Measures
UK Sport Aims: Development of Attracting and running major sporting events in UK prevention and testing Funded by and
UK Sport Full responsibility for all performance-related support Runs programme, and All funding and support integrated
World Class Performance Pathway Three levels: World Class Podium World Class Development potential World Class Talent identify and develop potential
Funding Of Elite Performers 1. Lottery grants via 2. group and personal 3. 4. Many/majority do not receive or money
English Institute of Sport making the best better One of Support, medicine, physiology, diet and nutrition advice, mechanics, fitness testing and conditioning, information Athlete Career Education
Projectile motion Typical question The flight of a golf ball is said to be parabolic. Explain the term parabolic and the main factors that limit the distance that a golf ball will travel in flight. (4 marks)
Projectile motion Flightpath = 46
Components Motion of projectile has component component components 47
Projectile motion Vertical motion affected by gravity Horizontal motion is affected by friction 48
Variations in vertical and horizontal components This causes the observed parabolic flight and affects the motion components as follows: 49
Projectile motion Factors affecting distance travelled: 50
Typical question PNF stretching As part of their preparation elite athletes may try to improve their performance through Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training. What is the main benefit of PNF training and explain how PNF training works? (4 marks)
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation Means of improving Requires a partner Works by disengaging allows greater range of movement contract-relax, antagonistcontract 52
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation Joint stretched Isometric contraction of held for cancels Increased 53