Dietary Behaviours associated with improved weight management Tim Gill Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders tim.gill@sydney.edu.au The University of Sydney Page 1 The University of Sydney Page 2 2 1
Individual responses in body weight for different weight loss diets Low Carbohydrate diet Low fat diet LeCheminant et al, 2007). The University of Sydney Page 3 3 The University of Sydney Page 4 2
The University of Sydney Page 5 Dietary behaviours linked with weight management Macronutrient composition of the diet quality and type of carbohydrate in the diet Energy density of the diet Fibre Fruit and vegetable consumption Alcohol Certain meal patterns Meal replacements Portion size Increased consumption of takeaway foods and foods prepared away from home Eating frequency and timing and sleep The University of Sydney Page 6 3
The University of Sydney Page 7 Composition of diet and weight loss Mean change in body weight and waist circumference between baseline and 2 years according to macronutrient composition The University of Sydney Page 8 4
Compliance is more important than type of diet Dansiger et al JAMA 2005. The University of Sydney Page 9 Low fat versus low carb diets? Source: Tobias et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Dec;3(12):968-79 5
Dietary behaviours linked with weight management Macronutrient composition of the diet quality and type of carbohydrate in the diet Energy density of the diet Fibre Fruit and vegetable consumption Alcohol Certain meal patterns Meal replacements Portion size Increased consumption of takeaway foods and foods prepared away from home Eating frequency and timing and sleep The University of Sydney Page 11 Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 18 JUL 2007 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.cd005105.pub2/full#cd005105-fig-00101 The University of Sydney Page 12 6
Effect of increasing free sugars on measures of body fatness in adults. Te Morenga L et al. BMJ 2013;346:bmj.e7492 The University of Sydney Page 13 2013 by British Medical Journal Publishing Group Comparing complex and simple sugar diets Mean (±SEM) changes relative to baseline (month 0) in body weight, BMI, and waist circumference during the 6-mo intervention in subjects consuming the control diet ( ); low-fat, high-complex-carbohydrate diet (LF- CC; ); and low-fat high-simplecarbohydrate.. Poppitt S D et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:11-20 The University of Sydney Page 14 2002 by American Society for Nutrition 7
Both sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages are associated with obesity From: Ruanpeng et al QJM. 2017;110(8):513-520. The University of Sydney Page 15 Dietary behaviours linked with weight management Macronutrient composition of the diet quality and type of carbohydrate in the diet Energy density of the diet Fibre Fruit and vegetable consumption Alcohol Certain meal patterns Meal replacements Portion size Increased consumption of takeaway foods and foods prepared away from home Eating frequency and timing and sleep The University of Sydney Page 16 8
meta-analysis of changes in body weight according to food energy density Stellmach-Mardas et al Nutrients. 2016 Apr; 8(4): 229 The University of Sydney Page 17 Effects of dietary fibre on subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials The University of Sydney Obesity Reviews. Volume 12, Issue 9, pages 724-739, 16 JUN 2011 Page 18 9
Impact of a high fruit and vegetable intake on body weight Source: The University of Sydney Page 19 Dietary behaviours linked with weight management Macronutrient composition of the diet quality and type of carbohydrate in the diet Energy density of the diet Fibre Fruit and vegetable consumption Alcohol Certain meal patterns Meal replacements Portion size Increased consumption of takeaway foods and foods prepared away from home Eating frequency and timing and sleep The University of Sydney Page 20 10
Alcohol intake and obesity Brewerton et al J Obes Eat Disord 1:10. doi: 10.4172/2471-8203.100010 The University of Sydney Page 21 RCTs assessing the effect of the Mediterranean diet on weight (kg). Source: Esposito et al Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. February 2011, 9(1): 1-12. The University of Sydney Page 22 11
Mediterranean diet and impact on weight in European Children Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases Volume 24, Issue 2, February 2014, Pages 205-213 The University of Sydney Page 23 Dietary behaviours linked with weight management Macronutrient composition of the diet quality and type of carbohydrate in the diet Energy density of the diet Fibre Fruit and vegetable consumption Alcohol Certain meal patterns Meal replacements Portion size Increased consumption of takeaway foods and foods prepared away from home Eating frequency and timing and sleep The University of Sydney Page 24 12
The University of Sydney Page 25 Dietary behaviours linked with weight management Macronutrient composition of the diet quality and type of carbohydrate in the diet Energy density of the diet Fibre Fruit and vegetable consumption Alcohol Certain meal patterns Meal replacements Portion size Increased consumption of takeaway foods and foods prepared away from home Eating frequency and timing and sleep The University of Sydney Page 26 13
Effect of portion size on consumption of popcorn Source: Wansink & Kim J Nutr Educ Behav. 2005;37:242-245. The University of Sydney Page 27 Effect of breakfast skippering on body weight in European children Source: Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010 Feb;50(2):113-9. The University of Sydney Page 28 14
Association between skipping breakfast and excess weight Messas et al Obesity Reviews Volume 13, Issue 2, pages 106-135, 28 SEP 2011 The University of Sydney Page 29 Association between snacking and excess weight Messas et al Obesity Reviews Volume 13, Issue 2, pages 106-135, 28 SEP 2011 The University of Sydney Page 30 15
Association between eating away from home and eating frequency and excess weight Messas et al Obesity Reviews Volume 13, Issue 2, pages 106-135, 28 SEP 2011 The University of Sydney Page 31 Dietary behaviours linked with weight management Macronutrient composition of the diet quality and type of carbohydrate in the diet Energy density of the diet Fibre Fruit and vegetable consumption Alcohol Certain meal patterns Meal replacements Portion size Increased consumption of takeaway foods and foods prepared away from home Eating frequency and timing and sleep The University of Sydney Page 32 16
Association between a lower daily eating frequency and excess weight Messas et al Obesity Reviews Volume 13, Issue 2, pages 106-135, 28 SEP 2011 The University of Sydney Page 33 Timing of food intake and obesity Chronodisruption Clinical consequences Intervention Clinical prospective Source: G. Beccuti et al. / Pharmacological Research 125 (2017) 132 141 The University of Sydney Page 34 17
Relationship between short sleep duration and obesity Cappuccio et al Sleep 2008 31: 619-28 The University of Sydney Page 35 Poor sleep and food desires Greer, Goldstein, and Walker, 2013 The University of Sydney Page 36 18
Summary of the strengths of evidence on behaviours that might promote or protect against weight gain and obesity agreement from WHO 2003 and WCRF 2007 reports Evidence Decreases risk Increases risk Rated convincing or Regular physical activity Sedentary lifestyles likely in both High intake of low energy-dense * High intake of energy-dense foods reports foods* Rated probable or possible in both reports High dietary fibre intake Promoting linear growth Breastfeeding Sugar-sweetened soft drinks and juices High proportion of food prepared outside of homes High exposure to television (marketing) Rated possible in one report only Low glycaemic index foods Adverse social and economic conditions in developed countries (especially for women) Large portion sizes Rigid restraint/periodic disinhibition eating patterns Rated insufficient Increased eating frequency Alcohol The University of Sydney Page 37 19