Introduction to Health Care & Careers Chapter 27 Answers to Checkpoint and Review Questions Checkpoints 1. The nervous system can be divided functionally into two divisions. Which division is under a person s control and controls skeletal muscle, and which division is involuntary and controls involuntary muscles and glands? The somatic nervous system is under a person s control and controls skeletal muscle. The autonomic nervous system is involuntary and controls involuntary muscles and glands. 2. What are the two divisions of the nervous system based on structure? Structurally, the nervous system can be divided into a central and a peripheral nervous system. 3. What are the names of the layers of the eye? The sclera, choroid, and retina are the layers of the eye. 4. What are the ossicles of the ear, and what do they do? The ossicles of the middle ear are three small bones that amplify and transmit sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. 5. What is the effect of thyroid hormones on cells? Thyroid hormones increase the metabolic rate in cells. 6. What two hormones produced by the islets of the pancreas act to regulate glucose levels in the blood?
Insulin and glucagon are the two hormones produced by the pancreatic islets to regulate glucose levels. Review Questions Matching _ c 1. Links the peripheral nervous a. tympanic membrane system and the brain _ d 2. Receptor cells of the retina b. axons _ a 3. Eardrum c. spinal cord _ e 4. Links the endocrine and nervous d. rods and cones systems _ b 5. Nerve cell fibers e. hypothalamus Multiple Choice 6. Skeletal muscles are voluntarily controlled by the a. central nervous system b. somatic nervous system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. sympathetic nervous system 7. The fight-or-flight response is promoted by the a. sympathetic nervous system b. parasympathetic nervous system c. somatic nervous system
d. frontal lobe 8. All of the following are special senses except a. smell b. taste c. equilibrium d. pain 9. Which health care specialist may take part in all-night studies for sleep disorders? a. LPN b. medical assistant c. END technologist d. audiologist 10. Which disease or condition is common among older adults? a. Type 1 diabetes b. cataract c. vertigo d. otitis media Completion 11. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. 12. Higher functions of the brain occur in the cerebral cortex. 13. A/an stroke is any occurrence that deprives brain tissue of oxygen. 14. A/an ophthalmologist is a physician who specializes in eye and vision care. 15. Chemical messengers carried by the blood are called hormones.
Short Answer 16. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system in terms of their functions. The sympathetic nervous system motivates the body s response to stress. It raises the heart and respiration rates, stimulates the adrenal gland, and brings more blood to skeletal muscles. The parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to a steady state and stimulates maintenance activities. Most organs are controlled by both systems. Generally, the two systems have opposite effects on a given organ. 17. Why has diabetes become an epidemic? Diabetes has become an epidemic for two main reasons the increasing number of older Americans, who have a high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, and the rise in obesity, another high-risk factor for diabetes. 18. Explain the differences between the terms in each of the following pairs: a. special sense and general sense A special sense is localized in a special organ, and a general sense is distributed widely throughout the body. b. aqueous humor and vitreous body The aqueous humor is a fluid that fills the eye anterior to the lens, maintaining the shape of the cornea and refracting light. The vitreous body is a jellylike substance that fills the eyeball. It helps maintain the shape of the eye and refracts light. c. insulin and glucagon
Insulin aids the transport of glucose into cells. It is required for cells to process food, especially glucose. It decreases blood sugar levels. Glucagon increases blood sugar levels. d. testosterone and estrogen Testosterone, a hormone in males, stimulates growth and development of sexual organs plus development of secondary sexual characteristics. It also stimulates maturation of sperm cells. Estrogen, a hormone in females, stimulates the growth of primary sexual organs and development of secondary sexual characteristics. 19. What are the main differences between how the nervous system and the endocrine system regulate body functions? The nervous system controls actions like muscle movement and intestinal activity. It works rapidly by means of electric impulses and locally released chemicals called neurotransmitters. The effects of the endocrine system occur more slowly and over a longer period. It uses circulating hormones that have widespread effects on the body. 20. Describe two effects of aging on the sensory system. Students should describe any two of the following: The olfactory receptors deteriorate with age, and the sense of taste may be decreased. Temperature control and perception of pain and pressure become less efficient. As people grow older, the lens loses elasticity and the ability to accommodate near vision; older people may be more sensitive to glare and less able to adjust to darkness; and they may have decreased depth perception and may develop cataracts. Many older adults have
some hearing loss. Older adults may also have difficulty with balance, coordination, fine movements, and spatial orientation.