Higher Human Biology

Higher Human Biology Unit 2: Physiology and Health Homework DO NOT WRITE ON THIS BOOKLET. RETURN THIS BOOKLET TO YOUR TEACHER ON COMPLETION OF THE UNIT 1

Contents Sub-topic Pages (a) Reproductive Organs 3-6 (b) Hormonal control of reproduction 7-17 (c) Fertility 18-19 (d) Ante- and postnatal screening 20-25 (e) Arteries, veins and capillaries 25 (f) The heart 26-35 (g) Pathology and cardiovascular disease 36 (h) Blood glucose levels and obesity 37-44 2

Sub unit (a) Reproductive Organs 1. A function of the interstitial cells in the testes is to produce A sperm B testosterone C seminal fluid D follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 2. The sperm counts of a sample of men taken between 1940 and 2000 are shown in the graph below. 4. The table below contains information about four semen samples Semen Sample A B C D Number of sperm in sample (millions/cm 3 ) 40 30 20 60 Active sperm (percent) 50 60 75 40 Abnormal sperm (percent) 30 65 10 70 Which semen sample has the highest number of active sperm per cm 3? 1. 5. The diagram refers to human reproduction. OVARY gamete mother cells TESTIS gamete mother cells Process X Process X Ovum Sperm What is the average reduction in sperm count per year? A 0.67 million/cm 3 /year B 0.75 million/cm 3 /year C 0.92 million/cm 3 /year D 45 million/cm 3 /year 3. From which structure in the female reproductive system does a corpus luteum develop? A Endometrium B Graafian follicle C Fertilised ovum D Unfertilised ovum Process Y Zygote Process Z Embryo cells Which of the following correctly identifies processes X, Y and Z? X Y Z A mitosis meiosis fertilisation B meiosis fertilisation mitosis C meiosis mitosis fertilisation D mitosis fertilisation meiosis 3

6. The diagram below shows a section through seminiferous tubules in a testis. Which cell produces testosterone? 7. One function of the seminal vesicles is to A produce testosterone B allow sperm to mature C store sperm temporarily D produce nutrients for sperm 4

8. The diagram shows a section through the reproductive organs of a man. (a) (i) State the site of sperm production within the testis. 1 (ii) State one function of the secretions from the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. 1 (b) (i) During a male sterilisation operation (vasectomy), a tube is cut. Draw the diagram above and mark a letter X on the diagram to indicate the likely position of the cut. 1 (ii) Why is the transport of testosterone from the testes unaffected by this operation? 1 5

9. The diagram below presents the appearance of a testis when viewed under a microscope. (a) Name Structure X: 1 (b) State which cells are produced in structure X: 1 (c) What is the name of cells labelled Y? 1 (d) Explain the role of cells labelled Y in the production of male sex cells. 1 6

Sub unit (b): Hormonal Control 1. The graph below shows changes in the concentration of hormones X and Y in the blood during the menstrual cycle. Which of the following correctly identifies hormones X and Y? Hormone X Hormone Y A LH Oestrogen B Oestrogen FSH C Oestrogen Progesterone D Progesterone Oestrogen 2. Changes in the ovary during the menstrual cycle are described below. 1 Corpus luteum forms 2 Ovulation occurs 3 Progesterone is produced 4 Corpus luteum degenerates 5 Graafian follicle develops The sequence in which these changes occur following menstruation is A 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 B 2, 1, 3, 4, 5 C 5, 3, 2, 1, 4 D 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 7

3. Name the hormones indicated below Pituitary Stimulating hormone Inhibiting hormone Ovaries Stimulating hormone Inhibiting hormone A FSH Oestrogen B Progesterone FSH C Oestrogen LH D LH testosterone 4. On which day in the following menstrual cycle could fertilisation occur? A Day 30 B Day 17 C Day 14 D Day 2 8

5. The diagram shows part of the reproductive system of a woman in early pregnancy. (a) Place an X on the diagram to show where fertilisation occurred. 1 (b) Structure P produces progesterone at this stage in pregnancy. (i) Name structure P. 1 (ii) State one function of progesterone during early pregnancy. 1 Questions 6 and 7 refer to the following list of hormones. A Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) B Luteinising Hormone (LH) C Oestrogen D Progesterone 6. Which hormone stimulates the production of testosterone by the testes? 7. Which hormone is produced by the corpus luteum? 9

8. The flowchart summarises the processes involved in the production of semen. Hormone X LH Tissue Y Testosterone Structure Z Sperm Mature Mother sperm Cells cells SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES Semen (a) Name hormone X and tissue Y. Hormone X 1 Tissue Y 1 (b) Semen contains substances secreted by structure Z. (i) Identify structure Z. 1 (ii) Describe how a named substance from structure Z aids fertilisation. Substance Description 1 (c) Complete the table to show the percentage of each type of cell which would contain a Y chromosome. 2 Cells Percentage of cells containing a Y chromosome Sperm mother cells Mature sperm cells 10

9. The diagrams represents gamete production in an ovary and part of a testis. (a) (i) Which letter represents a mature ovum? 1 (ii) Identify one labelled part of each organ which is affected by FSH. Letter Name (iii) Describe the effect of testosterone on the testes of an adult. 1 11

10. The graphs below show that plasma concentrations of certain hormones throughout a woman s menstrual cycle. Graph 1 shows the concentration so FSH and LH. Graph 2 shows the concentration of two other hormones, X and Y. 12

(a) Where in the body are FSH and LH produced? 1 (b) Name hormones X and Y. X Y 1 (c) What is the maximum concentration of hormone Y? Units 1 (d) On which day did ovulation occur? Give a reason for your answer. Day Reason 1 (e) During her next cycle, the woman became pregnant. Describe any differences which would occur in the concentrations of FSH and hormone Y after day 25. FSH 1 Hormone Y 1 13

11.The graph below shows the concentration of two ovarian hormones in a woman s blood during her menstrual cycle. (a) Name hormone X. 1 (b) What effect does oestrogen have on the following structures? (i) The uterus between days 4 and 12 in the cycle. 1 (ii) The pituitary gland on day 12 of the cycle. 1 (c) Describe one way in which the graph would be different if the woman became pregnant during this cycle. 1 14

(d) The diagrams below show sections through two structures found in the ovary at different times in the menstrual cycle. (i) Name structures P and Q P Q 1 (ii) What key event in the menstrual cycle occurs before P develops into Q? 1 15

12. The graph below shows the relative concentrations of three hormones in the plasma of a woman during a normal 28-day menstrual cycle. (a) Name hormone A. 1 (b) What is the effect of the sudden increase in concentration of luteinising hormone? 1 (c) During which time period is the endometrium likely to reach maximum thickness? Underline the correct answer. 0 4 days 12 16 days 22-26 days 1 (d) In what way would the line showing the concentration of FSH be different if fertilisation took place during this cycle? Give an explanation for your answer. Difference 1 Explanation 1 16

13. The diagram below shows the influence of the pituitary gland on testosterone production. Pituitary gland Hormone X produced Testes stimulated Testosterone produced What is hormone X? A. Interstitial cell stimulating hormone B. Follicle stimulating hormone C. Oestrogen D. Progesterone 1 14. Luteinising hormone is involved in the control of the menstrual cycle in female mammals. (a) Name the gland which produces luteinising hormone 1 (b) Name another hormone produced by this gland which controls the menstrual cycle 1 (c) Progesterone is a hormone produced from within the ovary. (i) Name the structure from within the ovary which produces progesterone. 1 (ii) State one function of progesterone during the menstrual cycle. 1 (iii) As the menstrual cycle continues, progesterone levels decrease. State the effect this will have on the uterus. 1 17

Sub unit (c) Fertility 1. Which of the following forms of contraception causes thickening of cervical mucus? A Mini-pill B Barrier methods C Morning-after pill D Intra-uterine device 2. The graph below shows the growth in length of a human fetus before birth. 3. What is the percentage increase in length of the fetus during the final 4 months of pregnancy? A 33.3 B 60.0 C 62.5 D 150.0 4.(a) Copy out the box below. Decide if each of the following statements about treatments for infertility is TRUE or FALSE and tick ( ) the correct box. If the answer is FALSE, write the correct word(s) in the correction box to replace the word(s) underlined in the statement. Statement True False Correction If mature sperm are defective or very low in number IVF can be used Ovulation can be stimulated by drugs that prevent the negative feedback effect of progesterone on FSH secretion Donor sperm can be used in artificial insemination if the male partner is sterile 18

(b) The table below refers to semen samples taken from five men. Semen Sample Number of sperm in sample (millions/cm 3 ) Number of normal sperm in sample (millions/cm 3 ) A B C D E 60 20 50 40 60 30 14 40 22 50 (i) Identify which man has the lowest percentage of normal sperm Letter 1 (ii) A man is fertile if at least 60% of his sperm are normal. Identify which man/men is/are infertile. Letter 1 19

Sub Unit (d): Ante and Post natal screening 1. Nicotine is a chemical which may affect pre- natal development. The diagram shows the stages of development when major and minor malformations of organs may occur if there is exposure to nicotine. Key major malformation minor malformation brain ear limbs genitalia Stage of development (weeks after fertilisation) Ball of cells Embryo (organ formation) Fetus (organ growth and development) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 For how many weeks during pregnancy is there a possibility of major malformations to organs during development? A 6 B 7 C 9 D 13 20

2. The graphs below show changes in the volume and composition of milk produced by a woman in the first week following the birth of her child. Graph 1 changes in the volume of milk produced Graph 2 Changes in the concentration of lactose sugar and IgA antibody in milk 21

(a) From Graph 2, describe two ways in which the composition of milk produced in the first three days after birth differs from milk produced later. 1. 2. 1 (b) What was the volume of milk produced on day 3? 1 (c) Express, as a simple whole number ratio, the concentration of IgA compared to the concentration of lactose produced on day 6. (1g = 1000mg) Space for calculation : 1 IgA Lactose (d) Using Graphs 1 and 2, calculate the mass of lactose produced on day 5. Space for calculation g 1 22

3.The sperm counts of 30 men taken between 1940 and 2000 are shown in the graph below. A line of best-fit has been drawn, to indicate the trend over the 60 year period. (a) Using the line of best-fit, calculate the percentage decline in sperm count over the 60 year period. Space for calculation % 1 (b) From the graph, what is the maximum sperm count for any one individual recorded during this period? million/cm 3 1 (c) Name the pituitary hormone which stimulates the production of sperm. 1 23

(d) Name a gland which adds fluid to sperm during ejaculation and describe one function of this fluid. Gland 1 Function of fluid 1 (e) Two treatments sometimes used for infertility are artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation. Describe briefly what is meant by these terms. Artificial insemination In vitro fertilisation 2 4.(a) A variety of techniques can be used to monitor the health of the mother and the developing foetus. State what each of the following is used for: (i) Ultrasound imaging 1 (i) Dating scans 1 (b) A sample of fluid which surrounds the embryo can be extracted from the mother using a syringe. (i) What is the name given to this technique? 1 (ii) Give ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage in using this technique. Advantage: 1 Disadvantage: 1 24

(c) Postnatal screening can be carried out involving diagnostic testing for metabolic disorders. Name a metabolic disorder which can be tested for using postnatal screening techniques. Name: 1 Sub unit (e): Arteries, veins and capillaries 1. (a) The diagram shows a section through an artery. (i) Name the parts of the artery labelled Y and Z Y Z 1 (ii) Describe the role of the elastic fibres in the wall of an artery. 1 (b) Veins are another type of blood vessel. Name a structural feature of a vein and describe its function. Name Function 1 (c) Name the two blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. 1 1 2 1 25

Sub unit (f): The Heart 2. The diagram below shows a section through the human heart. What is the correct position of the pacemaker? B A D C 3. Which of the following vessels in the circulatory system contains blood at the lowest pressure? A Jugular Vein B Renal Vein C Vena cava D Hepatic portal vein 26

4. The diagram below records the beat of a human heart. Atrial Ventricular Diastole Atrial Systole Systole Systole 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Time (seconds) What is the heart rate in beats per minute (bpm)? A 50bpm B 60bpm C 70bpm D 120bpm 5. Which of the following statements refers correctly to the cardiac cycle? A During systole the atria contract followed by the ventricles. B During systole the ventricles contract followed by the atria. C During diastole the atria contract followed by the ventricles. D During diastole the ventricles contract followed by the atria. 27

6. Which of the events below produces the normal sounds of heart beat heard through a stethoscope? A B C D Contraction of the atria. Contraction of the ventricles. Closing of the heart valves. Opening of the heart valves. 7. The graph below shows changes in arterial blood pressure. The shape of the graph is due to A B C D the action of the heart muscle. the action of the diaphragm. the closing of the valves in the veins muscular contraction of the arteries 8. Cardiac output is calculated using the following formula: Cardiac output = Heart Rate X Stroke Volume The table below shows the heart and cardiac output of four individuals. Individual Hear Rate (bpm) Cardiac Output (L/min) A 60 5.8 B 68 6.1 C 72 7.2 D 78 7.6 Which individual has the greatest stroke volume? 28

9. The diagram below represents a part of the circulatory system of the skin. Which line in the table below correctly identifies changes which would take place in the blood as it flows from arteriole to venule? Concentration of glucose CO2 A increase decrease B decrease decrease C increase increase D decrease increase 10. The durations of ventricular diastole and systole are shown below. Diastole 0.4 seconds Systole 0.2 seconds What is the heart rate for this individual? A B C D 60 beats per minute 72 beats per minute 100 beats per minute 120 beats per minute 29

11. The graph shows average blood pressure in different types of blood vessels. (a) Name the types of blood vessel represented by P,Q and R. P Q R 1 (b) Blood pressure values fluctuate in vessel type P. Explain the reason for this. 1 (c) Explain why there is a large drop in blood pressure in vessel type Q 1 (d) In the vena cava, blood pressure falls below atmospheric air pressure yet blood is still available to return to the heart. Explain how the blood is maintained. 2 30

12. The diagram below shows the human heart and some associated blood vessels. The arrows on the diagram show the direction of blood flow. B (a) Name blood vessels A, B and C A B C 2 (b) Place arrows on the diagram to show the path of oxygenated blood as it flows through the heart 1 (c) Describe the function of the semi-lunar valve labelled on the diagram. 1 (d) During which stage of the cardiac cycle do the semi-lunar valves open? 1 31

13. The diagram shows a section through the heart and two areas, X and Y, which help to coordinate the heart beat. (a) (i) Name structures X and Y X Y 1 (ii) Electrical impulses travel from X to Y What is happening to the heart during this time? 1 (iii) Copy the diagram of the heart shown above. Then draw arrows on the diagram to show the pathway taken by electrical impulses produced by structure Y. 1 (b) (i) Name valve Z 1 (ii) During which stage of the cardiac cycle is valve Z closed? 1 32

14. The diagram below shows the heart and its associated nerves. (a) (i) On the diagram, mark with an X the chamber where the blood pressure is highest during the cardiac cycle. 1 (ii) Describe the effect of impulses from the parasympathetic nerve on the heart. 1 (b) (i) Name the part of the heart labelled B 1 (ii) Describe the role of B in the cardiac cycle 1 (iii) An individual has a heart rate of 75bpm. How long does one cardiac cycle last? Space for calculation 1 s 33

15. The graph below shows changes in the volume of blood in the left ventricle of a man s heart. (a) How long does ventricular systole last? s 1 (b) (i) What is the heart rate of this man? beats per minute 1 (ii) Calculate the volume of blood leaving this man s left ventricle every minute. cm 3 1 (c) When this man exercises, the volume of blood leaving his heart increases significantly. Describe how the nervous system and hormones cause this increase. 3 34

16. The diagram represents a section through the heart. (i) Name blood vessels E and F Vessel E Vessel F 1 (ii) State two differences between the composition of the blood in chambers B and D. 1 2 1 (iii) (iv) Draw the heart diagram shown above, and place a cross (X) on the diagram to indicate the position of the sinoatrial node (SAN). 1 Describe the effect of the autonomic nervous system on the sinoatrial node (SAN). 2 (c) State the function of the coronary artery 1 35

Sub unit (g): Pathology and cardiovascular disease 1. The ratio of high-density lipoproteins to low-density lipoproteins in the blood (HDL:LDL is related to the level of cholesterol in the blood. This in turn can influence the chances of developing atherosclerosis. Which line in the table below correctly illustrates these relationships? HDL:LDL Cholesterol Level Chance of atherosclerosis A High Low Reduced B High High Increased C Low Low Increased D Low High Reduced 2. Some of the reactions involved in the formation of a blood clot are shown below: Fibrinogen Fibrin Blood clot (a) What is the term used to describe a blood clot? 1 (b) Name the enzyme which converts fibrinogen into fibrin. 1 (c) What is an embolis? 1 3. (i) What is meant by the term hypercholesterolemia? 1 (a) Explain why the formation of a clot in an artery in the brain can lead to a stroke. 1 (b) Explain what DVT is and give a reason why it can be harmful. Explanation 1 (ii) Cholesterol is found normally in the body. What is the function of cholesterol 1 (iii) What is the function of high density lipoproteins (HDL) 1 36

Sub unit (h) : blood glucose levels and obesity 1. High levels of blood glucose can cause clouding of the lens in the human eye. Concentrations above 5.5mM are believed to put the individual at a high risk of lens damage. In an investigation, subjects of different ages each drank a glucose solution. The concentration of glucose in their blood was monitored over a number of hours. The results are shown in the graph below. For how long during the investigation did 20 year olds remain above the high risk blood glucose concentration? A B C D 84 mins 90 mins 120 mins 148 mins 2. Which of the following pairs of compounds is produces by the pancreas? A B C D Glycogen and insulin Insulin and ADH Insulin and glucagon Glycogen and glucagon 37

3. The flow chart below shows how the concentration in the blood is regulated. Blood glucose Pancreas Liver Blood glucose Concentration secretes less of converts concentration rises compound X glucose to falls. and more of insoluble compound Y carbohydrate Which line identifies correctly the compound X and Y Compound X Compound Y A glycogen insulin B insulin glycogen C glucagon insulin D insulin glucagon 4. The graph below shows how the UK diet changed between 1988 and 1998. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data? A People ate more food in 1998 than in 1988 B People ate less food in 1998 than in 1988 C People ate a greater variety of food in 1998 than in 1988 D people ate a lesser variety of food in 1998 than in 1988 38

5. Two men (P and R) were being tested for diabetes mellitus, a condition which results in failure to control blood glucose concentration. After fasting overnight, they were given a large glucose drink. Their blood glucose concentration was measured immediately (0 hours) and then every hour for five hours. The results of the tests are shown in the table below. (a) It was concluded that P had diabetes and R did not. (i) State two ways in which the test results indicate that P had diabetes. 1 2 1 (ii) Name the hormone responsible for the change in the blood glucose concentration of R. Between 1 and 2 hours Between 3 and 4 hours 1 39

6.The graphs below contain information about the regulation of blood sugar. Graph 1 shows how the concentration of glucose in the blood affects the concentration of insulin. Graph 2 shows how the concentration of insulin in the blood affects the rate of glucose uptake by the liver. (a) (i) From Graph 1, state the glucose concentration which triggers an increase in insulin production. 1 (ii)name the organ which produces insulin 1 (b) From Graph 2 calculate the percentage increase in the rate of glucose uptake by the liver when the concentration of insulin in the blood rises from 10 to 15 units/cm 3 Space for calculation 1 (c) From Graphs 1 and 2, state the rate of glucose uptake by the liver when the concentration of glucose in the blood is 130mg/100cm 3 40

ug/g of liver/hour 1 7. The table below contains information about diagnosed cases in the four countries of the UK in 2008 Country Population (million) Individuals diagnosed with diabetes (% of population) England 51.3 3.9 Scotland 5.4 3.7 Wales 3.2 4.4 Northern Ireland 1.8 3.4 Total 61.7 (a) Use the data in the table to calculate the number of individuals in the Scottish population who had diabetes in 2008. Space for calculation 1 (b) A student calculated the percentage of the UK population that had been diagnosed with diabetes by averaging the percentage values in the table. Suggest why this average is likely to misrepresent the true percentage of people in the UK who have been diagnosed with diabetes. 1 (c) It has been suggested that the number of people in the UK with diabetes will double by the year 2030. Suggest two different ways in which the current UK government might use this information to plan for the future. 1 1 2 1 41

(d) The graph below contains information about the number of people in Scotland who consulted their doctor about diabetes in 2008. (i) For people aged between 25 and 74 describe one trend shown by the graph which relates to Age Gender 1 (ii) In a Scottish city 2500 men between 45 and 54 years of age visited their doctor in 2008. Use the graph to calculate how many of these men would be consulting their doctors about diabetes. Space for calculation 42 1 (iii) Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of men consulting their doctor between the 65-74 age group and the 75+ age group. Space for calculation % 1 (e) (i) Type 1 diabetics are unable to produce enough insulin. Where is insulin produced in the body? 1 (ii) Describe the role of insulin in the liver 1

8. (a) Give ONE difference between a person suffering from Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes 1 (b) An individual with diabetes and one without diabetes take a glucose drink after a period of fasting. Their blood glucose concentrations are shown in the table below. Time (mins) Blood glucose concentration of individual without diabetes (mmol/l) Blood glucose concentration of individual with diabetes (mmol/l) 0 2 3 30 9 12 60 5 14 90 4 16 120 4 13 (i) State the blood glucose concentrations of the two individuals after 90 minutes as a simple whole number ratio. Answer 1 (ii) Predict the blood glucose concentrations of the individual with diabetes after 120 minutes. Answer 1 (iii) Give a reason for your answer to (i). Reason 1 (iv) (v) What is the function of low density lipoproteins (LDP) 1 Name a drug which can be used to reduce blood cholesterol levels and explain its action. Name Action 1 43

9. Elevation of blood glucose levels leads to certain cells taking in more glucose than normal damaging the blood vessels. (i) What is the name of these cells? 1 (ii) Receptor cells in the pancreas respond to (a) high and (b) low blood glucose levels by causing secretion of hormones. (a) Name the hormone produced for high blood glucose levels: 1 (b) Name the hormone produced for low blood glucose levels: 1 44

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