Chemical Level Of Organization List the Four Chemical Elements that Make Up Most of the Body s Mass Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Distinguish Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds: Any molecule that contains Carbon and Hydrogen atoms. For example; Methane (CH4) Inorganic Compounds: Any molecule that does not contain carbon or hydrogen atoms. (Co2 is the exception) Also Water, inorganic acids, oxygen and salts (NaCI) List the Properties of water that make it important for living things. The properties of water that make it essential for life are; Solubility: Water is a universal solvent and the most abundant solvent in the body. Molecules can dissolve in water to become a solution. Reactivity: Water has moderate reactivity and can be a chemical reaction participant. High Heat capacity: Water can reach very high temperatures (100 degrees Celsius) before turning to steam. This high heat capacity allows cells to exist in a range of temperatures. Water absorbs heat from chemical reactions without greatly increasing with temperature itself. Lubrication: Water provides lubrication for joints within synovial fluid. Cushioning: In the skull water cushions the brain from physical trauma and protects delicate nerve tissue in the eyes. List the properties of inorganic acids bases and salts. Salts: A compound made of substances other than H+ an OH- such as sodium chloride (NaOH). Acids: An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) into a solution. This decreases the ph.
Bases: A base is a substance that removes H+ from a solution. This increases the ph. Describe the ph scale and define acidity and alkalinity. The ph scale is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A acid is a solution with a ph less tan 7 A Base has a ph greater than 7 and 7 = a neutral ph Identify the normal ph range for human blood Normal ph for human blood is 7 Define a buffer. Buffers are a compound that balance the ph of a solution. List the five organic compounds. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids High Energy Compound Distinguish between carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Carbohydrates Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Monosaccharaides (Glucose, C6, H12, O6) Disaccharides Sucrose (Table sugar) Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Lipids Carbon & Hydrogen (much less oxygen that chos) Fats Oils Waxes Important structural element of cells Provides twice the energy of carbohydrates Proteins Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Support structure and strength Movement Contractile Transport Carries molecules Buffering Maintains ph Metabolic Regulations enzyme reactions
Cell Membrane and Transport Describe the Characteristics of the phospholipid Bilayer. The Phospholipid bilayer is made up of a double layer of membrane lipids that have a hydrophobic (doesn t like water) tail and a hydrophilic (likes water) head. The two hydrophobic tails consist of 1 saturated fatty acid tail and one unsaturated fatty acid tail which adds to the fluidity of the tails that are constantly in motion. The hydrophilic heads are attracted to both the intracellular and extracellular fluid. Describe how proteins and carbohydrates contribute to the structure and function of the cell membrane. Carbohydrates within the cell membrane provide lubrication and protection for the cell. Glycoproteins are used for recognition as certain carbs will recognize specific molecules that will then bind with the cell. Integral proteins such as channel protein are proteins that are embedded into the cell membrane. Peripheral proteins are ones that are on the inner or outer surface of the cell membrane. Channel proteins allow for water and ion movement through the cell but are molecule specific so anything cant pass through. Anchoring proteins stabilize the cell in position such as attaching it to the cytoskeleton. Explain why the cell membrane is more permeable to lipid soluble substances and small molecules than to larger water soluble molecules. The Phospholipid Bilayer allows substances that are lipid soluble to pass directly through the membrane. Because the tails of the phospholipids are hydrophobic water soluble substances cannot pass through. Because they can not pass directly through the membrane these substances rely on channel protein to be able to pass through. As the channels control what can pass through substances and larger molecules such as glucose must rely on carrier protein to be able to pass through. Describe how the following mechanisms facilitate the transport of substances across cell membranes: diffusion: diffusion refers to molecules moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration osmosis : The diffusion of water facilitated diffusion: Uses carrier proteins to help with diffusion but doesn t require energy.
Cellular Metabolism Define metabolism. Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. Distinguish between catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism: The break down of organic molecules that releases energy. Anabolism: Synthesis of organic molecules that requires energy. Explain why cells need to synthesize new organic components. The body need to synthesize new organic components for maintenance and repair, growth, secretions and to store in nutrient reserves so it can be later broken down into energy. Identify the group of macromolecules to which enzymes belong. Proteins Describe how it is that enzymes are highly specific. List the factors that influence the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction. Amount of Glucose Avaliable Negative Feedback The more we produce the slower the reactions occur The body can digest an enzye breaking the chain which will stop the reactions. Describe the role and importance of ATP. ATP or Adenosine Tri Phosphate provides energy needed to move molecules in and out of cell and conduct chemical reactions and the synthesis of organic molecules Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration, a process that uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, a process that doesn't use oxygen, are two forms of cellular respiration. Although some cells may engage in just one type of respiration, most cells use both types, depending on an organism's needs. Cellular respiration also occurs outside of macro-organisms, as chemical processes for example, in fermentation. In general, respiration is used to eliminate waste products and generate energy. Aerobic respiration
Tissue Level of Body Organization Identify the four major tissue types in the human body and describe the characteristics of each. Epithelial Tissue: Cells and glands provides protection (skin & esophagus), Cellular, Polarity, allows for secretion. Different types of cells squamous, cuboidal, columnar. Connective Tissue: Connects Epithelial cells to the body. Includes blood fat and bone. Specialized cells Muscle Tissue: There are 3 types of muscle tissue. Skeletal Cardiac and Smooth. Skeletal muscle fibers are long elongated cells with multiple nuclei. Skeletal muscle can also be identified by the striations formed by myosin. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart. It has generally on nuclei per cell, it is involuntary muscle with striations and has intercalated discs. Smooth muscle is also involuntary but has no striations. It can regenerate and has 1 nucleus per cell. Neural Tissue: Nerve cells. Neurons send info to other cells via the axon and receive it at the dendrites. Neuroglia are supporting cells that provide structure to nerves and provide immune support. Describe the basic composition and purpose of extracellular fluid. The extracellular fluid is made up of the interstitial fluid that makes up around 16& of total body weight and blood plasma that makes up around 4% of total body weight. The purpose of the extracellular fluid is to help control the movement of water and electrolytes around the body. List the features that distinguish epithelial tissue from other tissue types. Epithelial cells have a single nucleus per cell, they are firmly attached to one another and have microvilli to increase the surface area. Distinguish between simple and stratified epithelial tissue. Simple Epithelial Tissue is a single layer of epithelial cells Stratified epithelial tissue is multiple layers of epithelial cells. Describe the structure, function and location of the nine different types of epithelial tissue. Squamous epithelial cells; are thin cells that look like they have been squashed. Simple squamous epithelium cells can be found in the lungs
and blood vessels as they allow diffusion. Stratified squamous cells can be found in the mouth as they protect against abrasion and other stresses. Cuboidal Epithelial Cells; are square shaped cells. Simple cuboidal cells can be found in the kidney tubules and provide minimal protection. Stratified cuboidal cells are rare but can be found in the lining of the mammary glands. Columnar Epithelial Cells; are long elongated shapes like a column. Simple columnar cells can be found in areas of secretion and reabsorption like the stomach. Stratified columnar cells can be fond in the anus or urethra as they require protection. Define a gland and distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands. Glands are groups of epithelial cell that produce secretion. Endocrine glands release secretions into the extracellular fluid. Exocrine glands release secretions on to epithelial surface. Describe the general features of connective tissue that enable it to be distinguished from epithelial, muscle and nervous tissue. Connective Tissue has a high cellularity made up of specialized cells, squashed nucleus, there are displaced large round cells. Describe the characteristics that distinguish connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue and supporting connective tissue. Define a membrane and list the structural and functional characteristics of serous, mucous, cutaneous and synovial membranes. A membrane is a group of epithelial and connective tissues that combine to protect the organs and the body. Mucous: Lines passageways, lubricates, protects and aids in absorbtion or secretion. Serous: (water) thin around organs, attach organ to body. Has 2 surfaces the parietal and visceral. Cutaneous: Skin. Thick, waterproof and dry (contrast to serous and mucous membranes. Synovial: Joints. Synovial membrane, produces synovial fluid