AP Biology
The Cell
The Cell Cell: A small, membrane-bound compartment capable of performing all the basic functions of life Discovery of Cells: - 17 th century - A Dutch clothing dealer named Antonie van Leeuwenhoek fashioned extraordinary accurate single-lens microscopes -> Discovered single-celled organisms called animalcules - Robert Hooke expanded on Leeuwenhoek s observations -> observed a piece of cork and found Cell
Cell Theory Nearly 200 years after the discovery of cells, the observations of Virchow, Schleiden, Schwann established cell theory All living things are made of cells All cells arise from preexisting cells The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
Microscope The light Microscope: - Light microscopes use light and lenses to magnify their subjects. - Total power of a compound microscope = power of ocular lens power of the objective lens
Microscope The Electron Microscope: - At high magnifications, light microscopes produce blurry images. - Expensive, can only be used to view matter that is not living.
A microscope has an ocular lens with a magnification of 10x and objective lenses with magnifications of 10x, 20x, 30x, and 43x. Which of the following are not possible magnifications that can be achieved with this microscopes? A. 10x B. 100x C. 200x D. 300x E. 430x
Type of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cell 2. Eukaryotic Cell
Which of the following are features of the prokaryotic cell? A. Nucleus B. Ribosomes C. Mitochondria D. Vacuoles E. Golgi bodies
Glossary Nucleus: Stores the cell s genetic material in strands of DNA Cytoplasm: The entire area of the cell outside of the nucleus Cytoskeleton: A protein structure that maintains cell shape and helps move organelles around the cell Organelles: Specialized subunit within a cell
Glossary Ribosome: Stores the cell s genetic material in strands of DNA Endoplasmic reticulum: - Rough ER: Studded by ribosomes covering its exterior. - Smooth ER: No ribosomes. Synthesize fats and lipids. Detoxification (Liver). Carbohydrate metabolism. Steroid hormone formation Golgi Apparatus: modification / packing. 물질의포장과분비. RER 로부터 protein 을전달받아포장한후골지소낭이용해 cell 밖으로분비 단백질의분비경로 핵 -> 리보솜 -> RER -> 소포체소낭 -> 골지체 -> 골지체소낭 -> 분비 ( 전사 ) ( 단백질합성 ) ( 단백질가공 ) ( 이동 ) ( 단백질포함 ) ( 이동 )
Glossary Mitochondria: Produce energy for the cell through a process called cellular respiration. DNA 함유 Lysosome: Digestive enzyme, 세포내소화, 백혈구의식균작용, 노후된 organelles 분해 Chloroplast: An organelle in which photosynthesis takes place Vacuoles: Large liquid-filled storage containers found in plant cells Cell wall: Plants have a rigid cell wall surrounding their cell membrane
Glossary Not in plant cell but only in animal cell: Centriole Not in animal cell but only in plant cell: Chloroplast, Cell wall, Large central vacuole
Cell Organelles Organelle Function Found in which type of cell Cytoplasm: Cytoskeleton: Nucleus: Mitochondria: Ribosomes: Endoplasmic R.: Golgi Complex: Lysosome: Chloroplast: Vacuole: Cell wall: Home for the organelles Maintains cell shape Contains the genetic material Produce energy (ATP) for the cell Synthesize proteins Manufactures and transports proteins/lipid, steroid Packages proteins for secretion Digest wastes Photosynthesis Storage Stability and protection Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes E E E P and E E E E Plant E Plant E Plant E
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? A. It controls the cell s activities and stores its DNA. B. It is the site of protein synthesis. C. It synthesizes lipids and transports synthesized proteins. D. It sorts and packages proteins made in the endoplasmic reticulum E. It provides structure to the prokaryotic cell.
Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough? A. It is studded with ribosomes that form a bumpy coat. B. It functions in lipid synthesis. C. It contains cellulose, which gives the membrane rigidity and structure. D. It lacks the ribosomes characteristic of the cytosol. E. It engages in lipid synthesis, which gives it a rough textures.
Which of the following functions is performed by the lysosome? A. Digestion of intracellular debris B. Production of energy through photosynthesis C. Regulation of transport D. Storage of nutrients E. Lipid synthesis
The Cell Membrane The cell membrane is made up of two sheets of special fat molecules called phospholipids.
The Cell Membrane
Transport Passive Transport: Molecules that can pass freely through the membrane follow concentration gradients, moving from the higher concentration area to the region of lower concentration. Active Transport: The molecules that cannot pass freely across the phospholipid bilayer can be arrived across the membrane various processes that require energy.
Transport Passive Transport: Molecules that can pass freely through the membrane follow concentration gradients, moving from the higher concentration area to the region of lower concentration. Diffusion The net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area with lower concentration.
Transport Passive Transport: Molecules that can pass freely through the membrane follow concentration gradients, moving from the higher concentration area to the region of lower concentration. Facilitated Diffusion Important substances such as ion which cannot enter the membrane through simple diffusion uses protein channels which open and close based on protein membranes.
Transport Active Transport: The molecules that cannot pass freely across the phospholipid bilayer can be arrived across the membrane various processes that require energy. Exocytosis
Transport Active Transport: The molecules that cannot pass freely across the phospholipid bilayer can be arrived across the membrane various processes that require energy. Endocytosis 1. Pinocytosis: the cell takes in drops of cellular fluid containing dissolved nutrients 2. Phagocytosis: the cell takes in large solid food particles that it then digests 3. Receptor mediated endocytosis: the process by which extracellular substances bind to receptors on the cell membrane
Transport
What is the name of the molecule that constitutes all cell membrane? A. Fatty acid B. DNA C. Cellulose D. Glucose E. Phospholipid
Proteins manufactured in the endoplasmic reticulum are secreted from the cell by which of the following processes? A. Diffusion B. Osmosis C. Pinocytosis D. Exocytosis E. Passive transport
What two classes of molecules make up the phospholipid bilayer? A. Sugars and phosphoproteins B. Proteins and phospholipids C. Phosphoproteins and lipids D. DNA and carbohydrates E. PhosphoDNA and lipids
What is the name of the natural process by which molecules flow from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration? A. Diffusion B. Pinocytosis C. Endocytosis D. Respiration E. Exocytosis
A cell is placed in a bath of water that has a much higher salt concentration than the concentration inside the cell. What happens? A. The cell will be filled with water B. Water will rush out of the cell C. The distribution of water will not change D. Salt will move from the cell to the exterior E. The cell will clearly burst
When the concentration of solutes differs on the two sides of a membrane permeable only to water? A. Water will move across the membrane by osmosis B. Water will move across the membrane by active transport C. Water will move across the membrane by plasmolysis D. Water will move across the membrane by facilitated diffusion E. Solutes will move across the membrane from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration
A saturated suspension of starch is enclosed in a bag formed from dialysis tubing, a material through which water can pass, but starch cannot. The bag with the starch is placed into a beaker of distilled water. All of the following are expected to occur EXCEPT? A. There will be a net movement of water from a hypotonic region to a hypertonic region. B. There will be a net movement of solute from a hypertonic region to a hypotonic region. C. There will be a net movement of water from a region of higher concentration of water to a region of lower concentration of water. D. The dialysis bag with its contents will gain weight. E. No starch will be detected outside the dialysis bag.