Look at the following images, what are some similarities and differences between the cells?
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1 Look at the following images, what are some similarities and differences between the cells?
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4 Name the two different types of cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells
5 Unit 3: Cells Objective: To be able to compare and contrast the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
6 The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells (unicellular or multicellular). Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells.
7 Types of Cells Two kinds of cells depending on whether they have a nucleus Prokaryote Eukaryote
8 Prokaryotes The ONLY prokaryotes in the world are BACTERIA.
9 Prokaryotes Genetic material (DNA) is not contained in a nucleus, it is free floating PRO = No Nucleus Usually small and simple
10 What is the most important thing to remember about Prokaryotes?
11 Eukaryotes Includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. Eu = You Usually larger and more complex than prokaryotes. May be unicellular like an amoeba or multicellular like a plant or human.
12 Eukaryotes Contains a NUCLEUS, to hold genetic information Contains dozens of specialized structures called organelles.
13 What is the most important thing to remember about Eukaryotes?
14 You have 3 minutes to complete your Venn Diagram on Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells, then check your answers with your neighbor.
15 Types of Cells Two kinds of cells depending on whether they have a nucleus Prokaryote Eukaryote No nucleus Cells smaller All have a cell wall cells DNA Cell membrane ribosomes Nucleus Cells larger Organelles Some have a cell wall (plants)
16 Eukaryotic Cell Structure (a.k.a organelles) Objective : To be able to identify organelles within a Eukaryotic cell and their function.
17 What is an organelle? An organelle is a membrane bound structure that carries out specific activities for the cell (think of them as little organs with certain jobs to do). All organelles reside (live and float around in) the cytoplasm.
18 You need to know the following Organelles associated with Animal and Plant Cells. Discuss H.W. Cell Membrane Cell Wall Nucleus Cytoplasm Mitochondria Golgi Complex Ribosomes Smooth ER Rough ER Vacuole Lysosome Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton (not an organelle but important)
19 Every cell is enclosed by a Cell Membrane Function: o Regulates what enters and leaves the cell o Provides protection and support
20 Nucleus The control center Function: o Contains almost all of the cells DNA for coding proteins and other molecules o DNA is found on chromosomes which contain genetic information.
21 Nucleus-The control center Structure: Surrounded by a double membrane called a nuclear envelope. It allows materials (RNA, proteins, etc) in and out of the nucleus. Small internal region called a nucleolus where ribosomes are made.
22 Ribosomes (not an organelle, but important) Function: Site of protein assembly (synthesizes proteins) Structure: Small pieces of RNA and protein found throughout the cell, and on the Rough E.R. No membrane present.
23 Endoplasmic Reticulum Function: Site where lipid parts of cell membrane are made, along with proteins. Transports materials throughout the cell. Sends ribosomes to the Golgi Complex. Structure: Rough ER-has ribosomes on surface to assemble proteins (attached to the nucleus) Smooth ER-NO ribosomes on surface
24 Do Now: Answer the following Questions. What is the function of the cell membrane? Do animals, plants, or both have a cell membrane? What does a plant have surrounding the cell in addition to a cell membrane?
25 Cell Membrane Function Objective: To be able to understand the function of the cell membrane as it relates to diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
26 Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Cell membrane Outside of cell Proteins Carbohydrate chains Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Functions Regulates what goes in and out of a cell Maintains homeostasis Characteristics Lipid bilayer that carries a charge Lipid bilayer Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Protein channels to help move material across the cell membrane
27 Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Cell membrane Outside of cell Proteins Carbohydrate chains Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Materials enter or leave a cell by: Passive Transport (Diffusion) Active Transport Lipid bilayer We will discuss this further in Copyright a couple Pearson Prentice slides. Hall
28 Cell membranes Are Selectively permeable (semi-permeable) Allowing some molecules in and keeps other molecules out because they have pores (holes) in it
29 Types of Cellular Transport Passive Transport (High Concentration to Low Concentration) cell doesn t use energy 1. Diffusion (through the membrane) 2. Facilitated Diffusion (through channels) 3. Osmosis (water moving) Active Transport (Low Concentration to High Concentration) cell does use energy - through channels high high Weeee!!! low low This is going to be hard work!!
30 Before we can discuss cellular transport, let s review some terms. Solution A solution is a mixture of two or more substances. Examples: Lemonade Solute substance that is dissolved (powder) Solvent material that is dissolving the substance (water, the universal solvent) Concentration = the mass of solute (mass of powder) in a given volume of solution (volume of water), or mass/volume. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
31 Keep these things in mind when thinking about how materials cross the cell membrane Size if the material (molecule) Concentration of material on either side of the cell membrane
32 Passive Transport: Diffusion What Happens During Diffusion? Particles move from high concentration to low concentration (H L) When the concentration of the particles is the same throughout a system, the system has reached equilibrium (this is the goal!!) Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
33 2 Types of Simple Diffusion 1. Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion
34 Simple Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries molecules can pass directly through the cell membrane. High to low. Time A B C Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
35 Diffusion continued Some molecules are too large or charged, to pass through the membrane using simple diffusion. How will the cell reach equilibrium with the external environment?
36 Facilitated Diffusion (High Concentration to Low Concentration) Facilitated diffusion: Diffusion of specific particles using protein channels found in the membrane Protein channels allow only specific molecules through (large or too charged) Still considered a form of passive transport because molecules travel from High to Low Facilitated diffusion (Protein channel)
37 Osmosis a special kind of diffusion What is osmosis? Osmosis the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane (semi-permeable) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Time Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
38 Which way will the water move? Selectively permeable membrane
39 Which way will the water move?
40 Write a definition for the following terms related to osmosis based on the pictures (Describe which way the water is moving and why). Isotonic - Hypertonic - Hypotonic -
41 Q: What are two differences between diffusion and osmosis? Give an example of each Q: What does diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis all have in common?
42 Remember there were 2 ways materials enter or leave a cell by: Passive Transport (no energy needed) Active Transport (energy needed) Brainstorm: When would a cell need to use energy to transport material across the cell membrane?
43 Active Transport The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (LOW HIGH) Requires the use of energy (ATP) Three Types: 1. Protein Pump 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis
44 1. Protein Pumps (active transport) 1. Protein Pumps -transport proteins that require energy (ATP) to do work. EX: Sodium Potassium Pumps (Active Transport using proteins) Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy!
45 Endocytosis (Endo=in) "Cell Eating" 2. Endocytosis: the process in which a cell takes in bulky material, like a macromolecule. Uses energy Cell membrane folds around food particles forms food vacuole & digests food This is how white blood cells eat bacteria!
46 ENDOCYTOSIS
47 Exocytosis (Ex = exit/out) 3. Exocytosis: the process in which large molecules are released from the cell. Membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses With cell membrane and releases the material out of the cell Cell changes shape requires energy Ex: Hormones or wastes released from cell
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Cell are made up of organelles. An ORGANELLE is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function.
Plant and Animal Cells The Cell Theory All living things are made up of one or more cells. All cells come from other cells. Organization of Living Things Cell are made up of organelles. An ORGANELLE is
Lesson Overview. 7.2 Cell Structure
7.2 Cell Organization The eukaryotic cell can be divided into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus. Prokaryotes do not have
Cells & Cell Organelles. Doing Life s Work
Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life s Work AP Biology 2009-2010 Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell